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Exam 1 (CH.27-28) AI

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  • Structural adaptations of prokaryotes
    Key adaptations include cell walls made of peptidoglycan, protective capsules, fimbriae for attachment, and flagella for movement.
  • Differences between Bacteria and Archaea cell walls
    Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while Archaea lack peptidoglycan and have unique membrane lipids.
  • Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative bacteria
    Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan walls and stain purple; Gram-negative have thin walls with an outer membrane and stain pink, affecting antibiotic resistance.
  • Mechanisms of genetic diversity in prokaryotes
    Includes mutation, transformation (uptake of DNA), transduction (virus-mediated DNA transfer), and conjugation (direct DNA transfer).
  • Metabolic diversity in prokaryotes
    Prokaryotes can be photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and vary in oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic).
  • Major clades of bacteria and archaea
    Includes extremophiles adapted to harsh environments and nitrogen-fixing species important for ecosystems.
  • Ecological roles of prokaryotes
    Prokaryotes act as decomposers, symbionts, pathogens, and chemical recyclers in ecosystems.
  • Protists and eukaryotic diversity
    Most eukaryotes are protists, showing vast structural and functional diversity.
  • Endosymbiosis theory
    Explains the origin of mitochondria and plastids from engulfed prokaryotes.
  • Primary vs. secondary endosymbiosis
    Primary endosymbiosis involves engulfing a prokaryote; secondary involves engulfing a eukaryotic alga, leading to red and green algae evolution.
  • Five major eukaryotic supergroups
    Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta, and Rhizaria.
  • Key protist clades in Excavata
    Includes diplomonads and euglenozoans with modified mitochondria.
  • Key protist clades in SAR
    Includes diatoms, brown algae, and apicomplexans.
  • Key protist clades in Archaeplastida
    Includes red algae and green algae, the closest relatives of land plants.
  • Key protist clades in Unikonta
    Includes amoebozoans and opisthokonts (animals and fungi).
  • Protist nutrition types
    Protists can be photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs.
  • Protist life cycles
    Include alternation of generations and both sexual and asexual reproduction.