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Final exam study

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  • Characteristics of living things

    Made of cells, use energy, respond to environment, grow and develop, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, evolve over generations.

  • Steps of the Scientific Method

    Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze, Conclusion, Repeat.

  • Main elements in living things

    Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON).

  • Properties of water important for life

    Polar molecule, good at dissolving things, cohesion, adhesion, sticks to other things, regulates temperature.

  • Macromolecules and their functions

    Carbohydrates: sugars, energy source. Lipids: fats, oils, store energy, make membranes. Proteins: carry out most functions.

  • Nucleic acids

    DNA and RNA, carry genetic information.

  • Cell types

    Prokaryotes: no nucleus (bacteria, archaea). Eukaryotes: have nucleus and organelles (plants, animals, fungi, protists).

  • Cell parts and their functions

    Ribosomes make proteins. Cell membrane controls what enters and exits. Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole.

  • Cell transport types

    Diffusion: movement from high to low concentration. Osmosis: diffusion of water. Active transport: requires energy (ATP).

  • Cellular respiration equation

    Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. Equation: \(\text{Glucose} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + ATP\)

  • Photosynthesis equation

    Plants/algae use sunlight to make glucose and oxygen. Equation: \(CO_2 + H_2O + \text{sunlight} \rightarrow \text{Glucose} + O_2\)

  • Genetics basics

    DNA double helix with bases A, T, C, G. Genes code for traits. Chromosomes are bundles of DNA; humans have 46.

  • Cell division types

    Mitosis: cell division for growth/repair (2 identical cells). Meiosis: cell division for reproduction (4 unique cells).

  • Evolution definition

    Changes in species over generations.

  • Natural selection

    Best-adapted organisms survive and reproduce.

  • Evidence for evolution

    Fossils, DNA similarities, comparative anatomy.

  • Ecology basics

    Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

  • Biological organization levels

    Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

  • Roles in ecosystems

    Producers make their own food. Consumers eat other organisms. Decomposers break down dead matter.

  • Energy flow in ecosystems

    Energy flows from the sun to producers to consumers to decomposers.

  • Domains of life

    Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

  • Kingdoms of life

    Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea.