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General Biology: Carbohydrates and Functional Groups

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What are the four classes of macromolecules?
    Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
  • What is the carboxyl group?
    A functional group with the formula -COOH, also called an organic acid or carboxylic acid.
  • How is the hydroxyl group represented?
    The hydroxyl (alcohol) group is represented as -OH.
  • Can the -OH in a carboxyl group be considered a hydroxyl group?
    No, the -OH in the carboxyl group is part of the carboxylic acid and not a separate hydroxyl group.
  • Difference between ketone and aldehyde groups?
    A ketone has a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons, while an aldehyde has a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen.
  • What is an ester linkage?
    A bond formed between a carboxyl group and an alcohol group, characteristic of esters.
  • What elements compose carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
  • What functional groups are carbohydrates associated with?
    Carbohydrates contain either ketone or aldehyde groups.
  • What are monosaccharides?
    Simple sugars made of one sugar unit, classified by the number of carbons: trioses (C3), tetroses (C4), pentoses (C5), hexoses (C6).
  • Example of an aldotriose and a ketotriose?
    Glyceraldehyde is an aldotriose; Dihydroxyacetone is a ketotriose.
  • What is ribose and where is it found?
    Ribose is an aldopentose sugar (C5H10O5) found in RNA.
  • What is deoxyribose?
    A 2'-deoxygenated aldopentose sugar (C5H10O4) found in DNA.
  • Examples of hexose sugars?
    Glucose, fructose, and galactose, all with formula C6H12O6.
  • What are disaccharides?
    Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis, e.g., maltose, sucrose, lactose.
  • Molecular formula of common disaccharides like sucrose?
    C12H22O11, formed by joining two hexoses and removing one H2O molecule.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    A condensation reaction where water is removed to join two molecules.
  • Molecular formula of a decasaccharide of glucose?
    C60H102O51, formed by joining 10 glucose units with 9 dehydration reactions.
  • What is raffinose?
    A trisaccharide composed of glucose, fructose, and galactose with formula C18H32O16.
  • Examples of polysaccharides and their functions?
    Glycogen (animal energy storage), starch (plant energy storage), cellulose (plant structural), and chitin (arthropod exoskeleton).
  • What is the role of chitin?
    A structural polysaccharide containing nitrogen, used in arthropod exoskeletons and surgical threads.