General biology evolution exam 4

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies that happen by chance, which have a significantly greater impact on smaller populations. It can cause rare alleles to be lost or become common, reducing genetic variation within a population. Examples include the founder effect and bottleneck effect.

Sexual selection influence success situation in which some individuals reproduce more than others

A process where organisms with favorable traits (due to allele variations) are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of those advantageous alleles over generations. It is the only process that consistently leads to adaptation to the environment.

Stabilizing, directional, distuptive

Intermediate phenotypes are favored over extreme ones

Individuals with a trait at one extreme of the phenotypic range have higher fitness than those with intermediate or opposite extreme traits.

Individuals with extreme phenotypes have higher fitness than those with intermediate traits. Favors extremes, reduces intermediates

Groups of actual or potential interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups

A single parent species diverges into two species the parent species continuing while a second species arises from it

Changing an environment allopatric speciation

Geographic or environmental barrier that physically prevents two populations or species from interbreeding

The evolution of internal characteristics that prevent organisms from breeding

Reproductive isolation due to Occupying different habitats or niches

Breed at different times or seasons

Courtship, rituals, response or attractiveness

Morphological or anatomical incompatible

Biochemical or cellular incompatible

Infertile or unable to survive

Populations come to be reproductively is isolated, even though they share the same geographical area

The rapid emergence of many species from a single species that has been introduced to a new environment

Establish family trees or phylogenies by reviewing various kinds of evidence radio metric dating fossil record, DNA sequence comparisons

Biological features in different species that share similar functions but evolved independently rather than from a common ancestor

Physical features or organs in different species that derived from a common ancestor reflecting, shared ancestry rather than similar function these structures may appear different externally and perform varied roles, but they're underlying anatomy morphology embryology and genetics are similar

A common ancestor is defined based on characteristic shared by all members in the group

Permian extinction 96% of all things and the Cretaceous extinction. The most famous dinosaurs died mammals and flowering plants took over.

An event of expansion of animal diversity

An RNA molecule that functions as a biological catalyst capable of performing specific chemical reaction similar to protein enzymes

Bacteria and archaea

protista, plantae, animals fungi

Cyanobacteria

Produces oxygen in the atmosphere, eventually forming ozone, allowing oxygen to accumulate

Mosses liverworts hornworts

Ferns horse tails club and Spike mosses lycopods

Conifer Ginko cycods

Flowering plants

First land, animals centipede like

Insect first wingless, then winged

First vertebrates to land first tetrapod

Tetrapod

Amphibians

Reptiles

Amniotic egg

Lizard, snakes, crocodiles, alligators and turtles. They employ internal fertilization, ectothermic cold-blooded.

Fertilized eggs are laid and develop outside the mother's body

Warm blooded

Mammory glands, hair, all endothermic, nearly all are viviporous(fertilized eggs develop inside the mother's body)

Monotremes marsupials placentals

Egg laying mammals duck billed platypus spiny ant eater

The young developed to a limited extent internally, the mother kangaroo Oppossum

The young or nourished within the mother through a placenta

Human like primates with smaller canines, thicker tooth, enamel, less sloping face and our bipedal

Neanderthals Homo sapiens homo erectus

Out of Africa, all originated from Africa or multi regional

Microbes

Bacteria and archaea

Single celled organism that is a decomposer breaks down dead organic matter and recycled the resulting elements back into the Earth

Mutualistic it benefit, benefits them both

Genetically unique from bacteria similar through binary fission

Thermophile halophile anaerobes

Can survive in extremely hot environments

Can survive an extremely salty environments

Organisms that can live without oxygen or are poisoned by it

Biological relationship in which one organism lives inside another. Plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryote gave rise to Endo membrane components including a nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

In a first Endo symbiotic event, the ancestral eukaryote, consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria

In a second end of symbiotic event, the early eukaryote, consumed, photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts

Eukaryotic organism that does not have the defining features of a plant animal or fungus it's microscopic and lives in moist or aquatic environments some pathogens Giardia first organisms to practice sexual reproduction

Algae

Solo cells from stable Association with each other, but no specialized roles

Single cells exist in stable groups with different cells specializing in functions

Phytoplankton

Float near the surface of the water produce most of the earths oxygen

They acquire nutrients from consuming other organisms or bits of organic matter, developed Celia and flagella to move

Pseudopods they have false feet, plasmodium, slime, mold, and cellular, slime molds, move the same way

Heterotrophs webs of slender tubes called hyphae, collective hyphae in a branching web is mycelium

Reproductive structure on mushrooms that produce spores

Club fungi or basidiomcetes, sac fungi or ascomycetes, bread molds or zygomycetes, chytrids

Club fungi toadstool or shelf mushroom

Sac fungi fruiting bodies have cup shape truffles and morels

Breadmold

Primitive primarily aquatic fungi

Any single celled fungus that reproduces through budding

Fungi and algae sometimes made a fungi and bacteria

All animals pass through a blastula stage in embryonic development

Hollow fluid filled ball of cells formed one egg fertilized

They are multicellular heterotroph, composed of cells without cell walls

When males and females displayed distinct mating preferences

The phenomenon by which an initial gene pool for a population is established by means of sub populations migrating to a new and isolated area

Changing in allele frequencies due to chance following a sharp reduction in populations size

Change in allele frequency

When a single parent species diverges into two species, the parent species continuing while a second species rises from it

Domain kingdom, phylum class order, family, genius species

All vertebrates have jaws except the lamprey

The blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth develops as a secondary opening

The opening that forms during early embryonic stage

Blastopore becomes the mouth

Sponges

Jellyfish and corals

Flatworms

Segmented worms

Oysters snail squid have a mantle

Roundworms; parasites

Insects lobsters spiders

Sea stars sea urchins

Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail

Urochordata-sea squirts

Cephalochordata-lancelets

Vertebrata-all the vertebrates including humans

Single celled eukaryote

Cells living independent from each form a colony, but remain independent

Cells are physically connected and interdependent, separated cells cannot live on their own.

large-scale evolutionary changes occurring at or above the species level over geological time, encompassing the origins of new species, genera, and families

the change in allele frequencies (genetic composition) within a single population or species over a short period, such as a few generations

1.variation

1. Overpopulation

2. Limited resources