BackGeneral Biology - Key Concepts
Terms in this set (20)
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles including nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, enabling compartmentalized functions.
The cell cycle includes G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation for mitosis), and M (mitosis) phases.
Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; Meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells for sexual reproduction.
Genetic variation arises from crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization during meiosis.
Cellular respiration includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain producing ATP.
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP and often resulting in fermentation products like lactic acid or ethanol.
Viruses consist of a protein coat (capsid) enclosing genetic material, either DNA or RNA.
Includes attachment, entry, replication, assembly, and release of new viral particles.
Sex is determined by sex chromosomes: typically XX for female and XY for male in humans.
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides with complementary base pairing: A-T and G-C.
Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) to protein (translation).
Mutations include point mutations, insertions, deletions, and can affect gene function.
Four main tissues: connective, muscle, epithelial, and nervous tissue.
Membranes include serous, mucous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes.
Include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors.
Neurons have a cell body, dendrites for receiving signals, and an axon for transmitting impulses.
Hormone levels are regulated by negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
The heart pumps blood through rhythmic contractions coordinated by electrical signals.
Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Kidneys filter blood, regulate water balance, and control blood pressure via the nephron.