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General Biology: Molecules of Cells and Cell Structure

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Terms in this set (24)

  • What are monomers and polymers in biological molecules?
    Monomers are small molecules, and polymers are large macromolecules made of monomers linked together.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    A chemical reaction that forms a new bond between monomers by removing water.
  • What is hydrolysis?
    A reaction that breaks bonds between monomers by adding water.
  • What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates provide quick and short-term energy storage.
  • Name the three types of carbohydrates based on size.
    Monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
  • What are examples of carbohydrate storage molecules in plants and animals?
    Starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
  • What are cellulose and chitin?
    They are structural carbohydrates in plants (cellulose) and animals/fungi (chitin).
  • What are lipids and their solubility property?
    Lipids are molecules that do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic).
  • What are the functions of fats?
    Fats provide long-term energy storage, insulation, and organ protection.
  • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
  • What is a triglyceride?
    A lipid made of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.
  • What are proteins made of?
    Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • What is a peptide bond?
    A chemical bond that joins two amino acids together.
  • List the four levels of protein structure.
    Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
  • What are nucleotides composed of?
    A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
  • What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
    DNA and RNA.
  • What is ATP and its function?
    Adenosine triphosphate is an energy carrier that releases energy when broken down.
  • What is the plasma membrane composed of?
    A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
  • What is the function of the nucleus?
    Stores genetic information and controls cell activities.
  • Name three membranous organelles involved in macromolecule processing.
    Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    They perform aerobic cellular respiration to produce energy.
  • What is the role of chloroplasts?
    Carry out photosynthesis to convert light energy into glucose.
  • What are the three types of cytoskeletal fibers?
    Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • What are cilia and flagella?
    Cellular appendages that enable movement.