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Week 9 lecture 3 second half

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  • What are the five direct drivers of biodiversity loss?
    Changes in land and sea use, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution, and invasive alien species.
  • What percentage of bird species are currently threatened?
    Approximately 16% of bird species are threatened.
  • What percentage of mammal species are threatened?
    About 23% of mammal species are threatened.
  • What percentage of amphibian species are threatened?
    Around 32% of amphibian species are threatened.
  • What is the significance of the '30 by 30' target set by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity?
    By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas should be effectively conserved and managed.
  • What does the 'stocks-to-use ratio' in grain production indicate?
    It measures how many days of supply is available; for example, a 0.2 ratio for wheat means a 75-day supply of wheat in the world's reserve.
  • What is the trend in global capture fisheries and aquaculture production since 1950?
    Both capture fisheries and aquaculture production have increased, with aquaculture showing significant growth especially after 1990.
  • Which species groups have the highest extinction risk according to the IUCN Red List categories?
    Amphibians, corals (reef-forming), and cycads show the highest percentages of threatened species.
  • What is the cumulative percentage of species driven extinct since 1500 for amphibians?
    Amphibians have the highest extinction rate, with a cumulative percentage exceeding 2% since 1500.
  • Name three species highlighted as examples of threatened biodiversity.
    Northern bald ibis, Bornean orangutan, and Lemur leaf frog.
  • What is the role of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)?
    IPBES assesses biodiversity loss and provides global reports on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
  • What is the main cause of the largest relative global impacts on biodiversity?
    Changes in land and sea use are the largest relative global impacts on biodiversity.
  • What does the term 'direct exploitation of organisms' refer to in biodiversity loss?
    It refers to harvesting or using organisms directly, such as fishing, hunting, or logging.
  • How does climate change affect biodiversity?
    Climate change alters habitats and ecosystems, leading to species stress and increased extinction risk.
  • What is the impact of invasive alien species on ecosystems?
    Invasive species disrupt native ecosystems by outcompeting or preying on native species.
  • Why is pollution a driver of biodiversity loss?
    Pollution contaminates habitats, harming organisms and reducing ecosystem health.
  • What is the importance of protected areas in biodiversity conservation?
    Protected areas help conserve ecosystems and species by limiting harmful human activities.
  • What does the term 'extinct in the wild' mean in the IUCN Red List?
    Species only survive in captivity or cultivation, with no remaining wild populations.
  • What is the significance of the global biodiversity framework?
    It sets international targets and strategies to halt biodiversity loss and promote sustainable use.
  • How does the 'stocks-to-use ratio' relate to food security?
    A higher ratio indicates more food reserves, which helps buffer against supply shocks and ensures food security.