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DNA Transcription definitions

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  • Transcription
    Conversion of a DNA sequence into a complementary RNA strand, catalyzed by specialized enzymes.
  • RNA Polymerase
    Enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, with distinct types in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
  • Promoter
    Specific DNA region where RNA polymerase and associated proteins assemble to begin RNA synthesis.
  • Transcription Start Site
    Precise nucleotide position on DNA where RNA synthesis is initiated by RNA polymerase.
  • Sigma Factor
    Protein component in prokaryotes that directs RNA polymerase to specific promoter sequences.
  • Transcription Factor
    Protein in eukaryotes that binds DNA to regulate and recruit RNA polymerase for gene expression.
  • TATA Box
    Consensus DNA sequence rich in thymine and adenine, crucial for positioning transcription machinery.
  • Initiator Sequence (INR)
    Core promoter element overlapping the transcription start site, essential for accurate initiation.
  • Consensus Sequence
    Commonly recurring DNA sequence pattern in promoters, not identical but functionally significant.
  • Enhancer
    Regulatory DNA element, often distant from the gene, that increases transcription efficiency.
  • Transcription Initiation Complex
    Large assembly of proteins at the promoter that positions and activates RNA polymerase.
  • Elongation Factor
    Protein that assists RNA polymerase in moving along DNA and synthesizing the RNA strand.
  • Terminator
    DNA sequence signaling the end of transcription, causing RNA polymerase to release the RNA.
  • Mediator
    Multiprotein complex that facilitates communication between transcription factors and RNA polymerase.
  • Phosphodiester Bond
    Covalent linkage formed between nucleotides in the RNA backbone during transcription.