Question 1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the cell theory?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Which type of bond links the monomers in a polysaccharide, and what is the typical monomer?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond; monosaccharide

Question 3

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this change?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme action?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding to better fit the substrate.

Question 5

A patient is given a drug that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, reducing its activity. What type of inhibition is this?

Accepted Answer

Noncompetitive inhibition

Question 6

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 7

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production in animal cells, and what is a key feature it shares with bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; contains its own circular DNA

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 9

A scientist isolates a structure that is not membrane-bound and is composed of RNA and protein. Which structure is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 10

Which of the following statements about biological membranes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, described by the fluid mosaic model.

Question 11

Which type of membrane transport requires energy input and moves solutes against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 12

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Which process will primarily occur, and what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity?

Accepted Answer

Their kinks prevent tight packing of lipid molecules.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life example of feedback inhibition in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme early in the pathway, decreasing its activity.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the chemical composition of a virus?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Question 16

A researcher observes that a certain membrane protein is glycosylated. What is the most likely location of this protein?

Accepted Answer

On the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the free energy change ($$\Delta G) $$for a reaction, and what does a negative $$\Delta G$$ indicate?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$; the reaction is spontaneous

Question 18

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions ($$\mathrm{Na^+}) $$out and potassium ions ($$\mathrm{K^+}) in$$, both against their concentration gradients. Which protein is responsible, and what type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump; primary active transport

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement and interaction of multiple polypeptide subunits

Question 20

A patient with a genetic disorder lacks functional peroxisomes. Which cellular process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids

Cell Biology Study Guide: Macromolecules, Cells & Organelles, Membranes, and Transport

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