Question 1

Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Combining nucleotide sequences from two different sources into the same DNA molecule in vitro.

Question 2

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

To cut foreign DNA at specific sequences called restriction sites.

Question 3

Why are bacterial plasmids commonly used as cloning vectors in gene cloning experiments?

Accepted Answer

They replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome and are easily manipulated.

Question 4

Which enzyme is responsible for sealing the bonds between restriction fragments during recombinant DNA formation?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 5

A scientist wants to clone a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid. What is the term for the original plasmid used to carry foreign DNA into the host cell?

Accepted Answer

Cloning vector

Question 6

Which of the following is a major problem associated with animal cloning by nuclear transplantation?

Accepted Answer

Many cloned animals exhibit developmental defects due to incomplete epigenetic reprogramming.

Question 7

What is the role of methylation in protecting bacterial DNA from restriction enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Methylation modifies bacterial DNA so restriction enzymes do not recognize and cut it.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'sticky ends' in DNA cloning?

Accepted Answer

Single-stranded overhangs created by restriction enzymes that can bond with complementary sequences.

Question 9

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing requires which of the following components?

Accepted Answer

Cas9 protein, guide RNA, and a repair template RNA.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the process of DNA amplification during gene cloning, assuming exponential growth?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 11

A researcher uses CRISPR-Cas9 to target a specific gene sequence. What determines the specificity of the DNA cut?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of the guide RNA (gRNA).

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world application of DNA technology in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Producing insulin for diabetes treatment using cloned genes in bacteria.

Question 13

Stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage are called:

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cells

Question 14

Which of the following statements about induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

iPS cells are differentiated cells reprogrammed to act like embryonic stem cells.

Question 15

What is a major advantage of using iPS cells as therapeutics compared to embryonic stem cells?

Accepted Answer

iPS cells can be created from a patient's own cells, reducing ethical concerns and immune rejection.

Question 16

In the process of cloning Dolly the sheep, what was the main reason for her early death?

Accepted Answer

Incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus led to premature aging and disease.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a typical application of biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins in ribosomes during translation.

Question 18

What is the main difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all cell types, while adult stem cells are limited to certain cell types.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of CRISPR sequences in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They store snippets of viral DNA to help bacteria recognize and destroy future viral invaders.

Emerging Concepts and Biotechnology in Cell Biology

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