Question 1

Which of the following elements makes up the largest percentage of the human body by mass?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 2

Which type of chemical bond is primarily responsible for the formation of the primary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds

Question 3

A scientist is studying a reaction with a standard free energy change ($\Delta G^\circ$) of $-30$ kJ/mol. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the amphipathic nature of phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Question 5

Which equation correctly relates the equilibrium constant ($K_{eq}$) to the standard free energy change ($\Delta G^\circ$)?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G^\circ = -RT \ln K_{eq}$

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct description of the secondary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

It involves hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms, forming alpha helices and beta sheets.

Question 7

A mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure but retain its primary structure. Which bonds are most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges

Question 8

Which of the following statements about enzyme kinetics is correct according to the Michaelis-Menten equation?

Accepted Answer

At very high substrate concentrations, the reaction velocity approaches $V_{max}$.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why ionic bonds are weaker in aqueous (water-based) environments compared to covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules shield the charges, reducing the strength of ionic interactions.

Question 10

A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme will have which of the following effects on $V_{max}$ and $K_m$?

Accepted Answer

$V_{max}$ unchanged, $K_m$ increases

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-life example of a hydrophobic interaction?

Accepted Answer

The folding of a globular protein in aqueous solution

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The association of multiple polypeptide subunits into a functional protein complex

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for the Michaelis-Menten equation?

Accepted Answer

$v = \frac{V_{max}[S]}{K_m + [S]}$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the R group in amino acids?

Accepted Answer

It determines the chemical properties and function of the amino acid.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the first law of thermodynamics as it applies to cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells can convert energy from one form to another, but cannot create or destroy energy.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of a noncompetitive inhibitor's effect on enzyme kinetics?

Accepted Answer

It decreases $V_{max}$ but does not change $K_m$.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of self-assembly in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

The spontaneous organization of molecules into ordered structures without external direction

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between atomic size and the periodic table?

Accepted Answer

Atomic size decreases from left to right across a period.

From Elements to Activity: An Overview of Cell and Molecular Biology

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