Q: Which of the following equations best represents the Warburg effect observed in cancer cells?

$$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow 2\ \text{Lactate} + 2\ \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Totipotent cells can give rise to all tissues and organs, including the placenta, while pluripotent cells can give rise to all tissues of the adult body but not the placenta.

Question 2

A researcher wants to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult fibroblasts. Which combination of factors should be introduced to reprogram these cells?

Accepted Answer

Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4

Question 3

Which of the following is a primary function of adult stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Maintenance and repair of the tissue in which they are situated

Question 4

A scientist is culturing embryonic stem cells and uses a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. What is the main purpose of this feeder layer?

Accepted Answer

To promote cell attachment and provide nutrients

Question 5

Which of the following statements about cancer cells is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells often exhibit an aberrant chromosome number, known as aneuploidy.

Question 6

A tumor is considered malignant when:

Accepted Answer

It is capable of invading surrounding tissue and potentially metastasizing.

Question 7

Which process is used in reproductive cloning to create an organism genetically identical to the donor?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 8

A patient’s cancer cells are found to have a mutation in the p53 gene. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Failure to elicit apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled cell growth

Question 9

Which of the following equations best represents the Warburg effect observed in cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glucose} ightarrow 2\ 	ext{Lactate} + 2\ 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

Accepted Answer

Oncogenes are dominant; only one mutated copy is needed for cancer development.

Question 11

A scientist is studying a stem cell that can differentiate into several specialized cell types within a single tissue. Which term best describes this cell’s plasticity?

Accepted Answer

Multipotent

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why telomerase activity is increased in cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

To maintain telomere length and allow indefinite cell division

Question 13

A drug that inhibits BCL2 is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Increase apoptosis in cancer cells

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about carcinogens?

Accepted Answer

All mutagens are carcinogens, but not all carcinogens are mutagens.

Question 15

A cell receives a mitogen signal. What is the most likely cellular response?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of cell division

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates therapeutic cloning?

Accepted Answer

Creating tissues and organs specifically for treating patients

Question 17

A cancer cell manipulates its environment by sending out signals to promote angiogenesis. Which molecule is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of embryo splitting in reproductive cloning?

Accepted Answer

Separating cells at the 8-cell stage and implanting them into surrogate mothers to produce clones

Question 19

A stem cell expresses Oct4 and has a normal karyotype. Which type of stem cell is it most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Embryonic stem cell

Question 20

A tumor cell breaks loose from the primary tumor and enters the bloodstream. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Stem Cells and Cancer: Cellular Differentiation, Cloning, and Tumor Biology

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