Question 1

Which property of carbon makes it uniquely suited as the backbone of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form four stable covalent bonds with other atoms

Question 2

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($-COOH$)

Question 3

What type of reaction links monomers together to form polymers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration (condensation) reaction

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with sickle-cell disease. Which molecular change is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

A single amino acid change from glutamic acid to valine in the beta-globin protein

Question 6

Which of the following macromolecules is NOT a polymer?

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Question 7

Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers. What type of glycosidic linkage connects these monomers in cellulose?

Accepted Answer

$\beta$-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 8

Which statement best explains why cholesterol is important for plasma membrane homeostasis in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol modulates membrane fluidity by preventing excessive rigidity at low temperatures and excessive fluidity at high temperatures

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct description of the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two antiparallel strands forming a right-handed double helix

Question 10

A dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules forms which type of bond?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Question 11

Which level of protein structure is directly affected by a change in the sequence of amino acids due to a genetic mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 12

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids are amphipathic, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of dietary fiber (cellulose) in the human diet?

Accepted Answer

Promotes healthy digestive function by adding bulk to stool

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate-to-phosphate bonds for cellular work

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of the difference in branching between glycogen and starch?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen can be mobilized more rapidly for energy in animals due to its highly branched structure

Question 17

Which of the following statements about protein tertiary structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure is stabilized by interactions between R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is usually double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why plants do not require cholesterol in their plasma membranes?

Accepted Answer

Plants regulate membrane fluidity by altering the length and saturation of fatty acids in phospholipids

Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Foundations of Cell Biology

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