Q: A DNA template strand has the sequence $3'\text{-}ATCGGCAGGACCTTAAAT\text{-}5'$. What is the sequence of the RNA transcript produced?

$5'\text{-}UAGCCGUC CUGGAAUUUA\text{-}3'$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

A mutation in the regulatory region of a gene most likely affects which aspect of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

The ability of RNA polymerase to bind and initiate transcription.

Question 3

During transcription in prokaryotes, what is the role of the sigma ($ \sigma $) factor in RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

It binds to the promoter to initiate transcription.

Question 4

Which of the following codons serves as the start codon for translation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{AUG}$

Question 5

A DNA template strand has the sequence $3'	ext{-}ATCGGCAGGACCTTAAAT	ext{-}5'$. What is the sequence of the RNA transcript produced?

Accepted Answer

$5'	ext{-}UAGCCGUC CUGGAAUUUA	ext{-}3'$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?

Accepted Answer

More than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

Question 7

A frameshift mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is inserted into a coding sequence. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

All downstream codons are altered, potentially changing the entire protein sequence.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic transcription involves extensive mRNA processing, including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the spliceosome during mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns and joins exons to produce mature mRNA.

Question 10

In the Beadle and Tatum experiment with Neurospora crassa, what was the main conclusion?

Accepted Answer

Each gene codes for one enzyme.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the direction of RNA synthesis during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 12

A mutation in the splice site of an intron could result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The intron is retained in the mature mRNA, potentially disrupting the protein product.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It prevents degradation of the mRNA.

Question 14

If the coding strand of DNA has the sequence $5'	ext{-}ATG GGC TAA	ext{-}3'$, what is the sequence of the mRNA produced?

Accepted Answer

$5'	ext{-}AUG GGC UAA	ext{-}3'$

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a stop codon?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{AUG}$

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with Maple Syrup Urine Disease, which is due to a defective enzyme. According to Garrod's hypothesis, what is the most likely molecular cause?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme, leading to a nonfunctional protein.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic transcription and translation are separated in space and time?

Accepted Answer

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm, allowing for mRNA processing before translation.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of a mutation that alters the reading frame of an mRNA?

Accepted Answer

All amino acids downstream of the mutation may be changed, potentially resulting in a nonfunctional protein.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the process of mRNA splicing in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Introns are removed and exons are joined together.

Transcription and RNA Processing: From DNA to Protein

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