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GOB Chemistry Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is chemistry?

    Chemistry is the central science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

  • Define matter.

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

  • What are physical properties?

    Characteristics useful for identifying a substance, such as size, color, temperature, and physical state.

  • What distinguishes a chemical property?

    Chemical properties describe how matter behaves or reacts chemically.

  • Difference between physical and chemical change?

    Physical change does not alter chemical makeup; chemical change changes the chemical composition.

  • Classify matter by state.

    Matter exists as solid, liquid, or gas.

  • What is a pure substance?

    A substance with uniform chemical composition throughout, either an element or a compound.

  • Define mixture and its types.

    A physical blend of substances retaining identities; types are homogeneous (uniform) and heterogeneous (nonuniform).

  • What is an element?

    A fundamental substance that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler substances.

  • What is a chemical compound?

    A pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions; represented by a chemical formula.

  • Typical signs of a chemical change?

    Color change, gas production, heat loss/gain, and formation of a precipitate.

  • What is the scientific method?

    A process involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.

  • What are SI base units for mass, length, and temperature?

    Mass: kilogram (kg), Length: meter (m), Temperature: kelvin (K).

  • Explain scientific notation.

    A number expressed as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10, useful for very large or small numbers.

  • What are significant figures?

    Digits in a measurement that are known plus one estimated digit, indicating precision.

  • Rules for significant figures in calculations?

    Add/subtract: round to fewest decimal places; multiply/divide: round to fewest significant figures.

  • What is dimensional analysis?

    A problem-solving method using conversion factors to change units.

  • Define energy and temperature in chemistry.

    Energy is the capacity to do work or supply heat; temperature measures average kinetic energy of particles.

  • What is specific heat?

    The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C.

  • Define density and specific gravity.

    Density is mass per unit volume; specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to water's density at the same temperature.