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GOB Chemistry: Organic and Biological Chemistry Review

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  • What are the four types of bonds in hydrocarbons?
    Four Covalent Bonds are present in hydrocarbons.
  • What shapes do carbon atoms in hydrocarbons typically have?
    Carbon atoms have a Tetrahedral Shape.
  • What system is used to name organic compounds?
    The IUPAC System is used for naming organic compounds.
  • What are the three types of bonds in alkenes and alkynes?
    Alkenes have a Double Bond, alkynes have a Triple Bond, and both can have Cis-Trans Isomers.
  • What functional groups contain carbon-sulfur single bonds?
    Thiols contain carbon-sulfur single bonds.
  • What are the three classes of carbon-oxygen single bond compounds?
    Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers contain carbon-oxygen single bonds.
  • What compounds contain carbon-oxygen double bonds?
    Aldehydes and Ketones contain carbon-oxygen double bonds.
  • What process converts alcohols to aldehydes or ketones?
    Oxidation converts 1° alcohols to aldehydes and 2° alcohols to ketones.
  • What are monosaccharides and disaccharides?
    Monosaccharides are simple sugars; disaccharides are formed by glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides.
  • What are the three common monosaccharides?
    Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose are common monosaccharides.
  • What are polysaccharides and their examples?
    Polysaccharides are polymers like Amylose, Amylopectin, Cellulose in plants and Glycogen in animals.
  • What functional groups do amines contain?
    Amines contain a nitrogen atom bonded to alkyl or aromatic groups.
  • What are the products of amide hydrolysis?
    Amides hydrolyze to form carboxylic acids and amines.
  • What are the two parts of carboxylic acids?
    Carboxylic acids have a carboxyl group and a polar group.
  • What are esters formed from?
    Esters are formed by the saponification of carboxylate salts and alcohols.
  • What are the main types of lipids?
    Lipids include triacylglycerols, prostaglandins, waxes, and phospholipids.
  • What distinguishes saturated and unsaturated fats?
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and undergo hydrolysis; unsaturated fats have double bonds and undergo saponification.
  • What are the structural levels of proteins?
    Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
  • What is the role of enzymes in proteins?
    Enzymes bind substrates at the active site to form an ES complex and can be inhibited by inhibitors.
  • What causes protein denaturation?
    Denaturation is caused by heat, acids, bases, and organic compounds.
  • What are the two types of nucleic acids?
    DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids.
  • What bases are found in DNA and RNA?
    DNA contains A, T, G, C; RNA contains A, U, G, C.
  • What is the function of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?
    mRNA carries codons, tRNA places amino acids, and rRNA produces proteins.
  • What is reverse transcription?
    Reverse transcription is the process where RNA is used to make DNA.
  • What types of mutations can lead to genetic disease?
    Point mutation, deletion mutation, and insertion mutation can cause genetic disease.
  • What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
    Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) to protein (translation).