Q: Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

$$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} = PTH_{secretion} \times (bone\ resorption + kidney\ reabsorption)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main distinguishing characteristic of epithelial tissue compared to other tissue types?

Accepted Answer

It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular material and forms continuous sheets.

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that affects both the epidermis and the entire dermis, resulting in a painless, charred area. Which degree of burn is this, and what is the primary reason for the lack of pain?

Accepted Answer

Third-degree burn; sensory nerve endings in the dermis are destroyed.

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system that directly supports calcium homeostasis in the body?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin upon exposure to UV light

Question 4

Which of the following correctly matches the connective tissue type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue – stores energy and insulates the body

Question 5

A 12-year-old child is diagnosed with rickets. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the consequence for bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency; poor mineralization of bone matrix

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells in nervous tissue?

Accepted Answer

Transmitting electrical impulses

Question 8

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures due to which of the following changes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone mass and density

Question 9

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} = PTH_{secretion} 	imes (bone\ resorption + kidney\ reabsorption)$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why cartilage heals more slowly than bone after injury?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and cells reach it slowly.

Question 11

A person is exposed to high environmental temperatures and begins to sweat profusely. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for heat loss in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a gland type with its secretion method?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine gland – secretes substances onto epithelial surfaces via ducts

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement and function of simple squamous epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Single layer of flat cells; rapid diffusion and filtration

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in bone fracture healing?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → Fibrocartilaginous callus formation → Bony callus formation → Bone remodeling

Question 15

Which of the following joint types allows for the greatest range of motion?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 16

A patient with Paget’s disease exhibits abnormal bone remodeling. Which cell types are primarily involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of reticular fibers in connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

Form supportive networks in soft organs like the spleen and lymph nodes

Question 18

A person with a spinal curvature that results in an exaggerated thoracic curve is diagnosed with which condition?

Accepted Answer

Kyphosis

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why vitamin D deficiency can lead to hypocalcemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestines.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the serous membrane structure?

Accepted Answer

It has a parietal layer lining the cavity and a visceral layer covering the organ.

A&P 1 Test 2 Review: Tissues, Integumentary, Skeletal, and Joints

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