Q: A blood sample is spun in a centrifuge and the following measurements are obtained: height of erythrocyte layer = 20 mm, total height of blood sample = 50 mm. What is the hematocrit percentage?

$$Hematocrit = \frac{20}{50} \times 100 = 40\%$$

Question 1

A patient presents with chronic fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory results reveal a hematocrit of 28%. Which physiological consequence is most likely occurring in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues resulting in hypoxia

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes lack mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the consumption of oxygen they are meant to transport

Question 3

A blood sample is spun in a centrifuge and the following measurements are obtained: height of erythrocyte layer = 20 mm, total height of blood sample = 50 mm. What is the hematocrit percentage?

Accepted Answer

$$Hematocrit = \frac{20}{50} 	imes 100 = 40\%$$

Question 4

A patient with chronic hemolytic anemia is at increased risk for developing jaundice. What is the underlying cause of the yellowing of the skin and eyes in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Excess bilirubin in the blood that diffuses into peripheral tissues

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios would most directly stimulate erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in tissue oxygen levels (hypoxia)

Question 6

A person with blood type O- is considered the universal donor. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens, minimizing immune reactions in recipients

Question 7

Which plasma protein is most directly involved in the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 8

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what happens to the iron component?

Accepted Answer

It is stored in the liver, spleen, or bone marrow bound to proteins like ferritin

Question 9

A patient at high altitude experiences increased erythropoietin (EPO) secretion. Which physiological change is most likely to occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

Increased red blood cell production to improve oxygen delivery

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the positive feedback mechanism in the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Thrombin activates upstream clotting factors, accelerating the cascade and amplifying clot formation

Question 11

A patient with type AB+ blood is considered the universal recipient. Which of the following best explains this?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells express A, B, and Rh antigens, so they do not form antibodies against any donor blood type

Question 12

Which of the following is required for the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Presence of exposed subendothelial collagen and von Willebrand factor

Question 13

A patient with iron deficiency anemia is treated with iron supplements. Which of the following best describes the role of iron in erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Iron is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the fate of the globin portion of hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is broken down into amino acids and released into circulation for reuse

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why a high hematocrit (polycythemia) can be dangerous?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood viscosity, raising the risk of hypertension, clots, and stroke

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct function of plasma proteins in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Acting as antibodies and complement proteins to help destroy pathogens

Question 17

A patient with internal bleeding is likely to experience which of the following physiological responses?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin secretion to stimulate red blood cell production

Question 18

Which of the following is required for the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Presence of clotting factors, $$Ca^{2+}$$ ions, and vitamin K

Question 19

A patient with sickle-cell anemia experiences chronic hemolysis. Which compensatory mechanism is most likely to be chronically activated?

Accepted Answer

Chronic stimulation of erythropoiesis via elevated erythropoietin

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of spectrin in erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

It provides resilience and flexibility, allowing erythrocytes to deform without rupturing

Anatomy & Physiology: Blood – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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