Question 1

A patient is given intravenous fluids that are hypotonic relative to their blood plasma. Based on the principles of osmosis, what will most likely happen to the patient's red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

They will swell and possibly burst as water enters the cells.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins.

Question 3

A scientist is studying a mutation that impairs the proofreading function during DNA replication. Which enzyme is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 4

During which phase of mitosis does the following event occur: $$	ext{Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell}$$?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 5

A geneticist is analyzing a tRNA molecule with the anticodon sequence $$	ext{AUG}. $$Which mRNA codon will it pair with during translation?

Accepted Answer

UAC

Question 6

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before the cell proceeds with division?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase checkpoint

Question 7

Which of the following is a major function of mature osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the bone matrix and communicating with other bone cells

Question 8

A patient has a genetic disorder that prevents the replication of centrosomes during interphase. What cellular process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the mitotic spindle

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to protein.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue

Question 11

A patient with a digestive disorder is found to have impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Which epithelial cell type is most likely dysfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Enterocytes

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why mature skeletal muscle fibers can repair themselves after injury?

Accepted Answer

They recruit myoblasts to fuse with damaged fibers.

Question 13

Which of the following is a unique structural feature of neurons compared to most other cell types?

Accepted Answer

Presence of specialized extensions such as dendrites and axons

Question 14

A histologist is examining a section of skin and identifies a layer located between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale. Which layer is this?

Accepted Answer

Stratum spinosum

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the main function of serous glands in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Secrete a watery protein-rich substance into ducts

Question 16

A laboratory experiment demonstrates that after several hours, the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of a membrane. Which process most likely led to this result?

Accepted Answer

Continuous diffusion

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between interstitial fluid and plasma?

Accepted Answer

Both are components of extracellular fluid.

Question 18

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves from the cell into the solution. Which term best describes the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion is necessary for glucose transport into most cells?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is a large polar molecule that cannot cross the lipid bilayer without a carrier protein.

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the net movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -L_p (\Delta P - \sigma \Delta \pi)$$

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guidance

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard