Question 1

Which of the following best explains how the skin contributes to thermoregulation during exercise?

Accepted Answer

The skin dilates blood vessels and activates merocrine sweat glands to release heat.

Question 2

A patient presents with a third-degree burn covering 18% of their body. According to the rule of nines, which of the following is a primary danger for this patient?

Accepted Answer

Severe fluid loss leading to hypovolemic shock.

Question 3

Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main chemical it uses?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; acid and enzymes

Question 4

A child is diagnosed with rickets, a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. Which process is directly impaired in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of calcium in the intestines

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone contains osteons, while spongy bone contains trabeculae.

Question 6

During endochondral ossification, which cell type is responsible for replacing cartilage with bone?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast

Question 7

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed weight-bearing exercise. What is the physiological rationale for this recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Weight-bearing exercise stimulates osteoblasts, increasing bone density.

Question 8

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is its effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between force, cross-sectional area, and muscle tension?

Accepted Answer

$$ F = T 	imes A $$

Question 10

A muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly before it can fully relax, resulting in increased tension. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Wave summation

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is released at the motor end plate to initiate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 12

During the contraction cycle, which molecule binds to troponin to initiate the exposure of active sites on actin?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca^{2+}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers use aerobic metabolism, while fast glycolytic fibers use anaerobic metabolism.

Question 14

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is experiencing joint pain and swelling. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune attack on synovial membrane leading to inflammation.

Question 15

Which structure in a synovial joint reduces friction and absorbs shock during movement?

Accepted Answer

Articular cartilage

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and bone remodeling.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the relationship between muscle power, force, and velocity?

Accepted Answer

$$ P = F 	imes v $$

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of the stratum basale in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

Contains actively dividing keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the variation in human skin color?

Accepted Answer

Differences in the amount and type of melanin produced and transferred to keratinocytes.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Step-by-Step Guidance

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