Question 1

Which layer of the epidermis contains cells with the highest metabolic demands, and why are these cells found there?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale, because diffusion distance from the basal lamina is at its smallest

Question 2

Sebaceous glands are found over almost the entire skin surface except which of the following areas?

Accepted Answer

Palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 3

Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 5

What is the primary function of foramina in bones?

Accepted Answer

To allow nerves and blood vessels to pass through

Question 6

Homeostasis in bone is maintained by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

Continuous breakdown and formation of bone tissue

Question 7

Which of the following is a synarthrosis joint?

Accepted Answer

Suture in the skull

Question 8

Extension of a synovial joint results in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increases the angle between elements

Question 9

During muscle contraction, which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the process?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$})$$

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the 'all-or-nothing' principle in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all when stimulated above threshold

Question 12

Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule during muscle activity?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic metabolism

Question 13

A patient is unable to extend their elbow. Which movement is impaired?

Accepted Answer

Extension

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Has trabeculae

Question 15

Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP is required for myosin head detachment from actin

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why muscle cramps and rigor mortis occur?

Accepted Answer

Lack of ATP prevents myosin head detachment from actin

Question 19

Which of the following is a diarthrosis joint?

Accepted Answer

Shoulder joint

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between calcitonin and parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium, parathyroid hormone increases it

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2 Study Guide: Skin, Bone, Joints, Muscle, and Homeostasis

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