Question 1

Which of the following best describes the significance of the S phase during Interphase in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

It is the phase when DNA replication occurs, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 3

If a DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ATCGGTA-3', what would be the complementary strand produced during replication?

Accepted Answer

3'-TAGCCAT-5'

Question 4

Which of the following statements about semi-conservative replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.

Question 5

During transcription, which base is NEVER found in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Question 6

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence of mRNA.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct definition of a codon?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 8

Which cell types undergo mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Somatic cells (body cells)

Question 9

At the end of mitosis, what is the ploidy and genetic relationship of the daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Diploid and genetically identical

Question 10

During Meiosis I, crossing over occurs. Why is this process important?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Question 11

How many cells are produced at the end of Meiosis II, and what is their ploidy?

Accepted Answer

Four cells, haploid

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two diploid, genetically identical cells; meiosis produces four haploid, genetically different cells.

Question 13

Which equation represents the general process of aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{ATP} $$

Question 14

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur, and what is the main product?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasm; pyruvic acid

Question 15

If oxygen is NOT present after glycolysis, what happens to pyruvic acid in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It is converted to lactic acid.

Question 16

During the Krebs cycle, how many turns are required to completely oxidize one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Two turns

Question 17

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 18

What is the NET total of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$ 38 $$ ATP

Question 19

Which process describes the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 20

A patient is fasting and their body begins to break down stored fat for energy. Which metabolic process is primarily occurring?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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