Question 1

Which of the following best describes a negative feedback loop in the context of homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A process that reverses a change and returns the system to its set point, such as body temperature regulation.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cells by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following best represents the correct order of levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Question 4

Which of the following statements about water as a solvent in the human body is correct?

Accepted Answer

Water facilitates chemical reactions by dissolving reactants, allowing them to interact.

Question 5

A molecule of glucose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis. This process is an example of which type of chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Catabolic (exergonic) reaction

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as catalysts, lowering the activation energy and speeding up reactions.

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding this solution?

Accepted Answer

It is acidic and has a high concentration of $$H^+$$ ions.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct example of a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

The bond between two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of $$H_2$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are essential components of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails create a bilayer that controls membrane permeability.

Question 10

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which term best describes the solution relative to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information; RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of primary active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump using ATP to move $$Na^+$$ and $$K^+$$ against their gradients

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Joining two monomers by removing a molecule of water.

Question 16

A patient with a genetic disorder cannot produce the enzyme hexokinase, which catalyzes the first step of glycolysis. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The patient will have impaired glucose metabolism and reduced ATP production.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of proteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Acting as channels or carriers for transport of substances

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein to transport substances across the membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of a polysaccharide and its function?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen, which stores energy in animal cells.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why water has a high heat capacity?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb heat energy, allowing water to resist temperature changes.

Anatomy & Physiology: Foundational Concepts and Cellular Structure

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