Course Overview

Introduction

This course is a laboratory-based study paralleling topics in Anatomy and Physiology II (BIOL 2114). It covers the endocrine, cardiovascular, blood and lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Students will engage in laboratory exercises to reinforce theoretical concepts and develop practical skills.

• Pre-requisites: BIOL 2113 (Anatomy and Physiology I), BIOL 2113L (Lab I)

• Co-requisite: BIOL 2114 (Anatomy and Physiology II)

• Credit Hours: 1

Course Learning Outcomes

Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis.

• Key Point 1: Contrast the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of speed and mechanisms of action.

• Key Point 2: Explain hormone mechanisms, including how hormones interact with target cells.

• Key Point 3: Describe the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine control.

• Key Point 4: Identify major endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus) and their hormones.

• Key Point 5: Discuss endocrine disorders such as hypo- and hypersecretion.

• Example: Diabetes mellitus results from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas.

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body and consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• Key Point 1: Describe the anatomy of the heart and heart wall.

• Key Point 2: Trace blood flow through the heart, pulmonary, and systemic circuits.

• Key Point 3: Explain the conduction system and interpret EKG tracings.

• Key Point 4: Describe the cardiac cycle and heart sounds.

• Key Point 5: Calculate cardiac output:

• Key Point 6: Contrast types of blood vessels and their functions.

• Key Point 7: Discuss blood pressure, pulse, and factors affecting them.

• Key Point 8: Explain fetal and hepatic circulation.

• Example: Hypertension is a risk factor for heart disease.

Blood and Lymphatic System

This system includes blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid, and is essential for transport, immunity, and homeostasis.

• Key Point 1: List components of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

• Key Point 2: Identify lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils).

• Key Point 3: Describe stages of hemostasis and blood grouping (ABO, Rh).

• Key Point 4: Discuss causes of anemia and selected blood disorders.

• Example: Sickle cell anemia is caused by abnormal hemoglobin structure.

Immune System

The immune system defends the body against pathogens through innate and adaptive mechanisms.

• Key Point 1: Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity.

• Key Point 2: Explain cellular immunity (T-cells) and humoral immunity (B-cells, antibodies).

• Key Point 3: Describe primary and secondary immune responses.

• Key Point 4: Discuss active and passive immunity.

• Key Point 5: Describe selected immune disorders (e.g., allergies, autoimmune diseases).

• Example: Vaccination provides active artificial immunity.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system enables gas exchange and regulates blood pH.

• Key Point 1: Identify respiratory organs and their functions.

• Key Point 2: Contrast internal and external respiration; explain the role of alveoli and pleura.

• Key Point 3: Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in blood.

• Key Point 4: Discuss factors controlling respiration rate.

• Key Point 5: Define selected respiratory disorders (e.g., asthma, COPD).

• Example: Oxygen binds to hemoglobin for transport in the blood.

Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

• Key Point 1: Identify GI tract organs and accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder).

• Key Point 2: Describe histological layers of the digestive tract.

• Key Point 3: Explain mechanical and chemical digestion.

• Key Point 4: List digestive enzymes and their functions.

• Key Point 5: Describe absorption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

• Key Point 6: Discuss metabolic rate and liver metabolism.

• Key Point 7: Describe common digestive disorders (e.g., ulcers, IBS).

• Example: Amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

Urinary System

The urinary system regulates fluid balance, removes waste, and maintains homeostasis.

• Key Point 1: Identify urinary organs (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra).

• Key Point 2: Explain kidney functions: filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

• Key Point 3: Discuss blood pressure regulation via the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

• Key Point 4: Describe hormone roles in water/electrolyte balance (ADH, aldosterone).

• Key Point 5: List urine components and discuss pH regulation.

• Key Point 6: Describe urinary disorders (e.g., kidney stones, infections).

• Example: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Reproductive System

The reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes and supporting reproduction.

• Key Point 1: Describe male and female reproductive organ structure and function.

• Key Point 2: Explain spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

• Key Point 3: Discuss hormonal regulation of reproductive cycles.

• Key Point 4: Describe fertilization and zygote formation.

• Key Point 5: Discuss reproductive disorders (e.g., infertility, PCOS).

• Example: Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle.

Student Evaluation and Academic Grading

Grading Breakdown

Students are evaluated based on participation, lab modules, and a final exam. The grading scale is as follows:

Letter grades are assigned according to the college grading scale.

Additional info:

• Distance education students must use Respondus LockDown Browser and Monitor for proctored exams.

• Students with disabilities should contact campus services for accommodations.

• Academic integrity is required; cheating and falsification of records are prohibited.

• Tutoring and library services are available for student support.