Question 1

Which layer of the cutaneous membrane is primarily responsible for storing lipid reserves, and how does this function contribute to energy homeostasis during prolonged fasting?

Accepted Answer

Hypodermis; it stores triglycerides that can be mobilized for ATP synthesis via $$\beta-$$oxidation.

Question 2

A patient presents with an inability to raise the hairs on their forearm in response to cold. Which muscle and nervous system division are most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle (arrector pili) and autonomic nervous system

Question 3

Which epidermal layer is absent in thin skin but present in thick skin, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum; increases protection against abrasion

Question 4

Why do surgical incisions made parallel to skin tension (Langer's) lines tend to heal with less scarring?

Accepted Answer

They align with collagen and elastic fibers, reducing tension on the wound

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of melanin in skin protection, and what is the relevant chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Absorbs UV radiation and reduces DNA damage by dissipating energy as heat ($$E = h
u)$$

Question 6

A patient with hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) is found to have overactive glands responsible for thermoregulation. Which gland type is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine glands

Question 7

A callus forms on the palm after repeated manual labor. What is the primary physiological response leading to callus formation?

Accepted Answer

Repeated mechanical stress stimulates increased mitosis in the stratum basale

Question 8

A section divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Which anatomical plane is this, and what is its clinical relevance in imaging?

Accepted Answer

Transverse section; commonly used in CT scans to visualize cross-sectional anatomy

Question 9

A patient complains of pain from the spleen. In which abdominal quadrant would this pain most likely be felt, and what other organ is located there?

Accepted Answer

Left upper; stomach

Question 10

Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption, and what enzyme does it secrete to accomplish this?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; secretes acid phosphatase and $$H^+$$ ions to dissolve bone matrix

Question 11

A child's fracture at the epiphyseal plate is concerning because:

Accepted Answer

It may impair bone growth due to disruption of chondrocyte proliferation ($$	ext{Growth} \propto 	ext{Chondrocyte Division})$$

Question 12

Which joint structure acts as a shock absorber, and what is its composition?

Accepted Answer

Meniscus; composed of fibrocartilage

Question 13

The shoulder joint is more prone to dislocation than the hip because:

Accepted Answer

It sacrifices stability for mobility, with a shallow glenoid cavity

Question 14

What type of cartilage is found in intervertebral discs, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; resists compression and absorbs shock

Question 15

Which hormone increases calcium levels in blood by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the relevant equation for calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; $$[Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \uparrow$$ via bone resorption

Question 16

Muscle atrophy after immobilization occurs primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

Reduced motor neuron activity leading to decreased protein synthesis ($$	ext{Atrophy} \propto \downarrow 	ext{Protein Synthesis})$$

Question 17

Which connective tissue covering surrounds individual muscle fibers, and what is its role in muscle physiology?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium; provides capillary support and electrical insulation

Question 18

Which muscle fiber type is most resistant to fatigue, and what is the primary energy system used?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative; uses aerobic respiration ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36ATP)$$

Question 19

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system, and what is the effect on nerve conduction velocity?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell; increases conduction velocity via saltatory conduction ($$v \propto \sqrt{d}$$, where $$d is $$axon diameter)

Question 20

Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination, and what is the consequence of its injury?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum; results in ataxia and impaired motor coordination

Anatomy & Physiology: Key Concepts and Systems (BIOB33 Midterm Study Guide)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard