Q: Which equation correctly represents the ATP regeneration pathway that produces lactic acid?

$$\text{Glucose} \rightarrow 2\text{Pyruvate} \rightarrow 2\text{Lactic Acid} + 2\text{ATP}$$

Q: A marathon runner relies primarily on which muscle fiber type and ATP regeneration pathway?

Slow oxidative fibers and aerobic respiration ($$\text{Glucose} + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + 36\text{ATP})$$

Q: Which equation represents the action of the Na+/K+ pump in neurons?

$$3\text{Na}^+ \text{out} + 2\text{K}^+ \text{in}$$ per ATP hydrolyzed

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a toxin that inhibits acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction. What is the most likely effect on muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Continuous muscle contraction due to prolonged acetylcholine activity.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the ATP regeneration pathway that produces lactic acid?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Glucose} ightarrow 2	ext{Pyruvate} ightarrow 2	ext{Lactic Acid} + 2	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

During rigor mortis, which step of the cross bridge cycle is disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Detachment of myosin from actin due to lack of ATP.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions change muscle length, while isometric contractions maintain muscle length.

Question 6

A marathon runner relies primarily on which muscle fiber type and ATP regeneration pathway?

Accepted Answer

Slow oxidative fibers and aerobic respiration ($$	ext{Glucose} + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 36	ext{ATP})$$

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron is correct?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the membrane is negative relative to the outside, with higher $$	ext{K}^+$$ concentration inside and higher $$	ext{Na}^+$$ concentration outside.

Question 8

Which equation represents the action of the Na+/K+ pump in neurons?

Accepted Answer

$$3	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{out} + 2	ext{K}^+ 	ext{in}$$ per ATP hydrolyzed

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why calcium must be pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

To allow muscle relaxation by removing calcium from the cytosol.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the neuroglial cell type 'astrocyte' in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Regulating the blood-brain barrier and supporting neurons.

Question 11

A muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly before it can fully relax. Which phenomenon is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Wave summation, resulting in increased force of contraction.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the 'all or nothing' principle of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Once threshold is reached, a full action potential is generated; if not, no action potential occurs.

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is both excitatory and inhibitory depending on the receptor type, and is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding motor unit recruitment during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Smaller motor units are recruited first, followed by larger ones as force increases.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle lacks striations and sarcomeres, while skeletal muscle is striated and contains sarcomeres.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of temporal summation in neural signaling?

Accepted Answer

Multiple stimuli from a single presynaptic neuron occur in rapid succession, increasing the postsynaptic response.

Question 17

Which pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule during muscle activity?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration ($$	ext{Glucose} + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 36	ext{ATP})$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of troponin in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It binds calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$and initiates the movement of tropomyosin, exposing binding sites on actin.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from node to node along myelinated axons, increasing conduction speed.

Anatomy & Physiology: Muscles, Muscular System, and Nervous System Study Guide

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