$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes how resting membrane potential is maintained in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

By the active transport of sodium ions ($$\mathrm{Na^+}) $$out and potassium ions ($$\mathrm{K^+}) $$into the cell via the Na/K pump

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of sensation in a specific region of the skin. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

The dorsal root ganglion

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 4

During the patellar reflex, which pathway is activated when the tendon is tapped?

Accepted Answer

A monosynaptic pathway between sensory and motor neurons

Question 5

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression and taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

VII. Facial nerve

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between electrical and chemical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct ion flow, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters

Question 7

A patient cannot move their tongue properly. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic is responsible for 'rest and digest', while sympathetic prepares for 'fight or flight'

Question 9

Which structure acts as a physical barrier and helps contain cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Meninges

Question 10

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 11

A patient with Horner's syndrome may present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Reduced ability to sweat, drooping eyelid, and pupil constriction on one side

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

Accepted Answer

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the role of myelin in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Myelin increases the speed of action potential transmission by insulating axons

Question 14

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movement and balance?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division increases heart rate and prepares the body for action

Question 16

Which cranial nerve controls tongue movement?

Accepted Answer

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of body temperature and hormone release

Question 18

Which equation correctly represents Ohm's Law as applied to neuronal membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$V = IR$$

Question 19

A patient is unable to swallow and has impaired taste sensation in the posterior third of the tongue. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the location of somatic motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Anterior horn of the gray matter

Anatomy & Physiology: Nervous System, Brain, and Cranial Nerves Study Guide

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