Question 1

Which of the following best describes the hierarchical levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 2

A patient’s blood pH is measured at 7.1. Which of the following best describes this condition and its potential effect on enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis; enzyme activity may decrease due to denaturation at lower pH

Question 3

Given the atomic number of sodium (Na) is 11, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are present in a neutral atom of sodium-23?

Accepted Answer

11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons

Question 4

Which of the following is a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids with the release of $$H_2O$$

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink due to water leaving the cell (crenation)

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient; passive transport does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 7

During protein synthesis, what is the correct sequence of events from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription (DNA to mRNA) → Translation (mRNA to protein)

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration

Question 9

A burn patient has lost the epidermis and part of the dermis. Which skin functions are most likely compromised?

Accepted Answer

Protection against pathogens and regulation of water loss

Question 10

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption during calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction in human metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 12

Which connective tissue type is found at the ends of long bones and provides a smooth surface for joint movement?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which process is most likely increased in their bones?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption by osteoclasts

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Glucose (monosaccharide), glycogen (polysaccharide)

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape that fits only specific substrates

Question 18

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 19

A patient with a genetic mutation has a change in a single codon from $$	ext{GAA} to$$ $$	ext{GAG}. $$What is the most likely effect on the protein produced?

Accepted Answer

No change in the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code (silent mutation)

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Foundational Concepts and Systems

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