$$pH = pK_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{0.03 \times P_{CO_2$}} \right)$$

$$P_{A,O_2$} = (P_B - P_{H_2O}) \times F_{iO_2$} - \frac{P_{A,CO_2$}}{R}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate defense, while adaptive immunity develops over time and is specific to particular antigens.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fever and increased neutrophil count. Which type of immune response is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity involving phagocytosis by neutrophils

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for blood pH regulation?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = pK_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{0.03 	imes P_{CO_2$}} ight)$$

Question 4

Which immune cell is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 5

A patient with type I diabetes is at risk for ketoacidosis. Which metabolic pathway is most directly involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Beta oxidation of fatty acids

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Prevents food from entering the trachea

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of MHC class II molecules?

Accepted Answer

They present antigens to helper T cells (CD4+).

Question 8

A patient is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following is most likely to be increased in their blood?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide ($$CO_2)$$

Question 9

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Pepsin

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the immune response to a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Pathogen entry → detection → antigen presentation → activation of lymphocytes

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of bile salts in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Emulsification of fats

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the Bohr effect in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$CO_2$$ and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for $$O_2$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct formula for calculating partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air ($$P_{A,O_2$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$P_{A,O_2$} = (P_B - P_{H_2O}) 	imes F_{iO_2$} - \frac{P_{A,CO_2$}}{R}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a primary function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Water and electrolyte absorption

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Anabolism involves synthesis of complex molecules, while catabolism involves breakdown of molecules.

Question 17

Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Excessive loss of gastric acid due to vomiting

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct function of IgG antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Provides long-term immunity and crosses the placenta

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the chloride shift in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloride ions move into RBCs as bicarbonate ions move out to maintain electrical neutrality

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Immune, Respiratory, and Digestive Systems

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