$$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}} + \text{ATP} \rightarrow$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They recycle neurotransmitters, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and repair nervous tissue.

Question 2

A patient suffers damage to the dorsal root of their spinal cord. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input from the body to the CNS

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}} + 	ext{ATP} ightarrow$$

Question 4

Which type of neuron is most likely to be found in the retina, based on its structure?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar neuron

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 6

A graded potential differs from an action potential in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials vary in size and fade over distance, while action potentials are all-or-none and propagate without decrement.

Question 7

Which glial cell type is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Ependymal cells

Question 8

If a toxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons, what is the most immediate effect on neural signaling?

Accepted Answer

Neurons will be unable to initiate or propagate action potentials.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It integrates graded potentials and initiates an action potential if threshold is reached.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the resting membrane potential in a typical neuron?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside, with a resting potential of $$-70 mV.$$

Question 11

Which process is responsible for the removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft after synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic breakdown, or diffusion away from the synapse

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps from node to node

Question 13

A patient presents with loss of sensation in a specific dermatome. Which structure is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal root or dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Migrating through neural tissue to remove debris and pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the effect of the electrochemical gradient on ion movement across a neuron's membrane?

Accepted Answer

It combines both the concentration gradient and electrical charge difference to determine ion movement.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Processing and integrating sensory information

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of oligodendrocytes?

Accepted Answer

They produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the generation of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, repolarization, closing of potassium channels

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia and regulate the environment around neurons.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Nervous System Structure and Function

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