Question 1

A patient presents with loss of sensation and muscle weakness in the lateral forearm and thumb. Which spinal nerve root and dermatome are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

C6 spinal nerve root and C6 dermatome

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Sensory neurons have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion, while motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ventral horn.

Question 3

A football player suffers a herniated disc compressing the ventral root of a spinal nerve. Which of the following symptoms is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness or paralysis in the affected myotome

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a synovial joint?

Accepted Answer

A joint with a fluid-filled cavity, articular cartilage, and a surrounding capsule

Question 5

Which movement is allowed by a hinge joint, such as the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Flexion and extension

Question 6

A patient is unable to abduct their arm at the shoulder. Which muscle and nerve are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid muscle and axillary nerve

Question 7

Which of the following best defines an agonist muscle?

Accepted Answer

A muscle that is primarily responsible for producing a specific movement

Question 8

Which of the following statements about muscle compartments in the limbs is correct?

Accepted Answer

They group muscles with similar functions and nerve supply, and help contain the spread of infection.

Question 9

A motor unit is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 10

Which equation best represents the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36ATP$$

Question 11

During the first few seconds of intense exercise, which energy source is used first by skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Stored ATP and creatine phosphate

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length, while isotonic contractions change muscle length.

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type I (slow-twitch) skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

High resistance to fatigue and abundant mitochondria

Question 14

A patient with a peripheral nerve injury exhibits muscle atrophy, weakness, and hyporeflexia. Which of the following best explains the term 'hyporeflexia'?

Accepted Answer

Decreased reflex response due to impaired nerve function

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi tendon organ?

Accepted Answer

It senses muscle tension and inhibits muscle contraction to prevent damage.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the control of cardiac and smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac and smooth muscle are primarily controlled involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle initially contracts when stretched, then relaxes even if the stretch is maintained.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the myotatic (stretch) reflex?

Accepted Answer

Muscle spindle detects stretch $$\rightarrow$$ sensory neuron activates $$\rightarrow$$ motor neuron stimulates muscle contraction

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why muscles atrophy with disuse?

Accepted Answer

Reduced stimulation leads to decreased protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers.

Question 20

Which of the following body systems is NOT directly affected by regular exercise?

Accepted Answer

None of the above; all are affected by exercise

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Spinal Cord, Joints, Muscles, and More

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

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