Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the complement system in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

It increases the rate of phagocytosis and forms the membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse cells.

Question 2

A patient with a genetic deficiency in helper T-cells would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired activation of both B-cells and killer T-cells

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why the stratum corneum is important for skin function?

Accepted Answer

It provides a tough, waterproof barrier due to layers of dead, keratinized cells.

Question 4

A person with a mutation that prevents the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 would most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Rickets due to impaired calcium absorption

Question 5

Which of the following statements about Fick's law of diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and surface area.

Question 6

A patient is exposed to a toxin that inhibits carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased conversion of CO$$_2 to $$HCO$$_3^-$$, leading to impaired CO$$_2$$ transport in blood.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in hemoglobin regulation?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin more readily at high CO$$_2$$ and low pH.

Question 8

A mutation that prevents the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) would most directly impair which immune function?

Accepted Answer

Lysis of pathogen cell membranes

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the formation of hyaline cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Chondroblasts secrete matrix → chondrocytes become trapped in lacunae → cartilage forms

Question 10

A child is born with a genetic defect that prevents the production of melanin. Which enzyme is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Tyrosinase

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the dermal papillae are important for skin function?

Accepted Answer

They increase surface area for nutrient exchange and form fingerprints for grip.

Question 12

During endochondral ossification, what is the correct order of events?

Accepted Answer

Bone collar forms → cartilage calcifies → chondrocytes die → blood vessels invade → osteoblasts form bone

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the regulation of oxygen saturation in hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen saturation decreases as CO$$_2$$ and BPG increase.

Question 14

A patient with a mutation in the gene encoding for keratin would most likely have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Fragile skin prone to blistering due to impaired structural integrity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla?

Accepted Answer

It generates the basic rhythm of breathing by stimulating the diaphragm.

Question 16

If the thickness of the respiratory membrane doubles, what happens to the rate of gas diffusion according to Fick's law?

Accepted Answer

It is halved

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the eccrine sweat glands?

Accepted Answer

Thermoregulation through watery sweat secretion

Question 18

A person with a deficiency in B-cells would most likely have difficulty with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Producing antibodies in response to infection

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the pleural pressure is always slightly negative during normal breathing?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the lungs from collapsing by keeping them expanded against the chest wall.

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary driver of our desire to breathe?

Accepted Answer

High carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Immune, Integumentary, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems

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