Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in relation to hemoglobin and oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

It is the decrease in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin at higher carbon dioxide concentrations, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues.

Question 2

A patient inhales a peanut, which becomes lodged in the right main bronchus. Which anatomical difference between the right and left lungs explains why this is more likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Boyle's Law as it applies to pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation.

Question 5

A climber at high altitude is experiencing hypoxia. Which mechanism best explains the reduced oxygen loading onto hemoglobin in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli reduces the gradient for oxygen diffusion into the blood.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of bile salts in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They emulsify fats, increasing the surface area for lipase action.

Question 7

A patient with a damaged parietal cell layer in the stomach is likely to have difficulty absorbing which nutrient, and why?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12, because parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor required for its absorption.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the stomach in response to food and stimulates gastric acid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 10

A patient has a mutation that prevents the secretion of mucus in the stomach. Which cell type is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Goblet cells

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to propel contents forward.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Emulsifying fats for absorption.

Question 13

Which of the following events is an example of the enterogastric reflex?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of gastric motility when chyme enters the duodenum.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They are embedded in the microvilli and complete the final steps of digestion for carbohydrates and proteins.

Question 15

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in which enzyme, and where is this enzyme located?

Accepted Answer

Lactase, located in the brush border of the small intestine.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the function of the mucosal barrier in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

It protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of gastric acid and digestive enzymes.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct order of events for the swallowing (deglutition) reflex?

Accepted Answer

Bolus formation, elevation of the soft palate, closure of the epiglottis, relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in digestion?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) in plasma.

Question 20

A patient with a blocked trachea is unable to breathe. Which anatomical structure is directly responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Respiratory and Digestive Systems

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard