Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels during stress, and which gland secretes it?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the anatomical connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Vascular connection through the hypophyseal portal system

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone

Question 4

A patient with hyperthyroidism is found to have low TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels. Which feedback mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback from high T3/T4 levels suppressing TSH release

Question 5

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the semilunar valves open, and what is the corresponding ECG event?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole (second phase); QRS complex

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 7

A defect in the interventricular septum would most likely result in which of the following changes?

Accepted Answer

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to abnormal QRS complexes on ECG

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

SNS increases heart rate and causes vasoconstriction

Question 9

Which type of capillary is most permeable and found in the liver and bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 10

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg has a mean arterial pressure (MAP) closest to which value? Use the formula $$MAP = \frac{1}{3}(Systolic) + \frac{2}{3}(Diastolic).$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 93$$ mmHg

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption

Question 12

Which event occurs during the T-wave of the ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular repolarization

Question 13

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 14

Which of the following factors would increase net filtration at the capillary beds?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the thymus gland?

Accepted Answer

Matures T-lymphocytes for immune response

Question 16

Which of the following arteries is a major supplier of blood to the upper limb?

Accepted Answer

Brachial artery

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreases heart rate via the vagus nerve

Question 19

Which of the following is a major vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Superior vena cava

Question 20

An athlete is found to have a higher end-diastolic volume (EDV) and a lower end-systolic volume (ESV) compared to a sedentary individual. What does this indicate about the athlete's stroke volume (SV)? Use the formula $$SV = EDV - ESV.$$

Accepted Answer

The athlete has a higher stroke volume

Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Exam Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard