Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in terms of their efferent pathways?

Accepted Answer

The somatic nervous system uses one neuron to directly innervate skeletal muscle, while the autonomic nervous system uses two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) to innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated bronchioles, and decreased digestive activity. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most likely activated?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 4

Which type of receptor is found on all postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptor

Question 5

A drug that blocks beta-1 ($$\$$beta_1$$) adrenergic receptors would most likely affect which of the following organs?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells

Question 6

Which of the following best explains dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, allowing for precise regulation.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neurotransmitters released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

They may release norepinephrine, epinephrine, or acetylcholine depending on the target tissue.

Question 8

Which receptor type is responsible for the hyperpolarization of preganglionic sympathetic neurons, thereby decreasing sympathetic response?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-2 ($$\$$alpha_2$$) adrenergic receptor

Question 9

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for 'rest and digest' activities?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic division

Question 10

A patient is given a muscarinic antagonist. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glandular secretions

Question 11

Which of the following pathways correctly describes the route of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron that synapses in a collateral ganglion?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic neuron exits the spinal cord, passes through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing, and synapses in a collateral ganglion near the target organ.

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the enteric nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Control of reflexes and motility in the digestive system

Question 14

A patient with damage to the pelvic splanchnic nerves would most likely experience problems with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Control of urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine binding to beta-2 ($$\$$beta_2$$) adrenergic receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilation

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the adrenal medulla's role in the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream when stimulated by acetylcholine binding to nicotinic receptors.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are found on all postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the sympathetic division is known as the 'fight or flight' system?

Accepted Answer

It prepares the body for emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating bronchioles, and mobilizing energy stores.

Question 19

A patient is given a drug that acts as an agonist for alpha-1 ($$\$$alpha_1$$) adrenergic receptors. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of smooth muscle in certain organs and blood vessels

Autonomic Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Divisions

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