$$M_{bone} = \rho_{bone} \times V_{bone}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteocytes within bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteocytes maintain bone tissue by regulating mineral content and communicating mechanical stress.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the diaphysis of the femur. Which part of the bone is affected?

Accepted Answer

The shaft of the bone composed primarily of compact bone.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between bone remodeling and blood calcium levels regulated by parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca^{2+}$$_{blood} = $$Ca^{2+}$$_{bone} + $$Ca^{2+}$$_{resorption}$$

Question 4

Which of the following structures is NOT found in a typical long bone?

Accepted Answer

Articular disc

Question 5

A child is diagnosed with rickets, a disease caused by insufficient mineralization of bone. Which component of bone tissue is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite crystals)

Question 6

Which of the following best describes intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model.

Question 7

During bone growth, which equation best represents the increase in bone diameter due to appositional growth?

Accepted Answer

$$D_{new} = D_{old} + 2t$$

Question 8

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 9

A patient suffers a fracture that damages the periosteum. What is the most immediate consequence for bone healing?

Accepted Answer

Impaired blood supply and reduced osteogenic cell activity at the fracture site.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the difference between red and yellow bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow is found in flat bones and produces blood cells, while yellow marrow is found in long bone diaphyses and stores fat.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is responsible for the longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate

Question 12

Which equation best represents the calculation of total bone mass given bone density and bone volume?

Accepted Answer

$$M_{bone} = ho_{bone} 	imes V_{bone}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of canaliculi in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Canaliculi connect osteocytes and facilitate exchange of nutrients and waste.

Question 14

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which type of bone fracture?

Accepted Answer

Compression fracture

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the endosteum in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

It lines the medullary cavity and contains osteogenic cells for bone growth and repair.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the rate of bone remodeling as a function of osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

$$R = A_{osteoblast} - A_{osteoclast}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the concentric lamellae in an osteon?

Accepted Answer

They form layers of bone matrix that strengthen the osteon.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the effect of mechanical stress (weight bearing exercise) on bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical stress increases osteoblast activity, leading to stronger and denser bone.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found at the ends of long bones.

BIO 141 Unit 2: Bones, Bone Tissue, and Articulations – Study Notes

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