IndietroBIO 201 Lab Exam 2 Study Guide: Skin, Burns, and Skeletal System
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Skin and Burn Assessment
Skin Model Overview
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and serves as a protective barrier. Understanding its structure is essential for recognizing pathological changes such as burns.
Epidermis: Outermost layer, provides waterproofing and protection.
Dermis: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands).
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer): Composed mainly of fat and connective tissue.
Example: Skin models are used in lab exams to identify layers and structures.
Burn Surface Area Calculation (Rule of Nines)
The Rule of Nines is a method used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns. This is crucial for clinical assessment and treatment planning.
Head and Neck: 9%
Each Arm: 9% (anterior or posterior only: 4.5%)
Torso (anterior or posterior): 18%
Each Leg: 18% (anterior or posterior only: 9%)
Genitalia: 1%
Example Calculations:
Patient A (anterior side only): Arm (4.5%) + Torso (18%) + Genitals (1%) = 23.5%
Patient B (anterior and posterior sides): Front of leg (9%) + Back of leg (9%) = 18%
Additional info: The Rule of Nines is primarily used for adults; children have different proportions.
Skeletal System: Bone Markings and Anatomy
General Bone Markings
Bones have distinct markings that serve as attachment points for muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels, and articulation surfaces for joints.
Fovea: Shallow pit
Fossa: Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
Facet: Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate
Groove: Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels
Canal: Tunnel through a bone
Fissure: Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones
Foramen: Hole in a bone
Condyle: Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone
Crest: Ridge or projection
Head: Round projection from a bone’s epiphysis
Tubercle/Tuberosity: Prominent bony projection
Epicondyle: Small projection usually proximal to a condyle
Process: Outgrowth from a bone
Spine: Long narrow ridge
Protuberance: Small, rounded bony projection; a tuberosity is a large tubercle
Line: Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels
Trochanter: Large projection found only on the femur
Example: The foramen magnum in the occipital bone allows passage of the spinal cord.
Cranial and Facial Bones
Major Cranial Bones and Markings
The skull is composed of cranial and facial bones, each with unique markings and functions.
BONE NAME | MARKINGS | NOTES |
|---|---|---|
Frontal | coronal suture | separates frontal from parietals |
Parietal | sagittal suture | separates parietal bones |
Occipital | lambdoid suture, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, jugular foramen | separates parietal bones from occipital bone; condyles articulate with atlas (C1); foramen magnum is the hole for the spinal cord; jugular foramen is formed partly with temporal bone |
Temporal | squamous suture, mastoid process, styloid process, external acoustic meatus, carotid canal, zygomatic arch, jugular foramen | separates parietal bones from temporal bone; mastoiditis is inflammation; holes for ear canal and carotid arteries; zygomatic arch formed partly by temporal bone; passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves |
Sphenoid | sella turcica | pituitary gland sits here; paranasal sinus inside sphenoid |
Ethmoid | crista galli, cribriform plate | crista galli is the "rooster's comb"; holes for olfactory nerves (sense of smell); paranasal sinus inside ethmoid |
Inferior nasal conchae | increases air movement (turbulence) | |
Vomer | forms bottom of nasal septum |
Major Facial Bones and Markings
Facial Bones | Marking | Significance |
|---|---|---|
Nasal | ||
Lacrimal | ||
Zygomatic | zygomatic arch | formed partly by temporal bone; paranasal sinus inside maxilla |
Maxilla | unpaired facial bone | |
Palatine | ||
Mandible | mandibular condyle | fits into temporal bone to form TMJ (temporomandibular joint) |
coronoid process |
Additional info: The skull protects the brain and supports facial structures. The TMJ is the only movable joint in the skull.
Summary and Study Tips
Review the skin model images to identify layers and structures.
Practice calculating burn surface area using the Rule of Nines.
Memorize bone markings and their significance for identification in lab exams.
Use tables to compare cranial and facial bones, their markings, and functions.
Key Terms: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Rule of Nines, Fossa, Foramen, Condyle, Suture, Zygomatic Arch, TMJ.
