Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

Question 2

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 65%. Which condition is most likely present, and what is a major risk associated with it?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia; risk of increased blood viscosity and clotting

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

During erythropoiesis, which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; increases maturation rate of RBC precursors

Question 5

A person with blood type O negative receives a transfusion of type AB positive blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis due to anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies in the recipient

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{Prothrombin\ Activator}} \mathrm{Thrombin}$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 8

A patient with liver disease is at increased risk for bleeding. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

The liver produces most procoagulant factors required for clotting

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood has no antigens but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 10

Which process is responsible for the removal of a blood clot after tissue repair, and which enzyme is central to this process?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinolysis; plasmin

Question 11

A patient with thrombocytopenia is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous bleeding and easy bruising

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why mature erythrocytes are unable to divide or repair themselves?

Accepted Answer

They lack a nucleus and most organelles

Question 13

Which of the following is a major function of the spectrin protein in erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the biconcave shape and flexibility of the cell

Question 14

A newborn is at risk for erythroblastosis fetalis. Which scenario is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the oxygen transport by hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Hb} + \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{HbO}_2$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

Accepted Answer

The extrinsic pathway is faster and initiated by tissue factor from damaged tissue

Question 17

Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors, and why might its deficiency lead to bleeding disorders?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K; required for synthesis of procoagulant factors in the liver

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme portion of hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin and excreted in bile

Question 19

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops fever, chills, and dark urine. Which process is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and lysis of donor RBCs due to incompatible blood types

Blood: Composition, Functions, and Clinical Relevance

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