Q: A patient’s heart rate ($$HR) is 80 $$beats/min and their stroke volume ($$SV) is 70 mL/$$beat. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

$$CO = HR \times SV = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following blood vessels is primarily responsible for regulating systemic vascular resistance and thus plays a major role in controlling blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 2

According to the law of fluid dynamics, what is the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), pressure gradient ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 3

A patient has a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 130 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure ($$PP$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$PP = SBP - DBP = 50$$ mmHg

Question 4

Which of the following would most likely increase venous return to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate

Question 5

If the radius of a blood vessel doubles, how does the resistance to flow change according to Poiseuille’s Law ($$R = \frac{8Ln}{\pi r^4$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

Resistance decreases by a factor of 16

Question 6

Which equation correctly describes mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$using cardiac output ($$CO) $$and total peripheral resistance ($$TPR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 7

A patient’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL. What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 70 mL$$

Question 8

Which compensatory response would occur if blood pressure suddenly drops due to hemorrhage?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex increases sympathetic output

Question 9

Which type of capillary is most permeable and found in organs such as the liver and bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillary

Question 10

Bulk flow across capillary walls is determined by the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. What is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$equation?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_{cap} + OP_{inter}) - (HP_{inter} + OP_{cap})$$

Question 11

Which of the following would most likely cause an increase in mean arterial pressure ($$MAP$$)?

Accepted Answer

Increased stroke volume

Question 12

A patient’s heart rate ($$HR) is 80 $$beats/min and their stroke volume ($$SV) is 70 mL/$$beat. What is their cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 13

Which of the following is a local factor that can cause vasodilation in arterioles?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$K^+$$ concentration

Question 14

Which vessel type has the greatest total cross-sectional area and is the primary site for exchange of nutrients and gases?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 15

If a patient’s diastolic blood pressure ($$DBP) is 90 $$mmHg and their pulse pressure ($$PP) is 40 $$mmHg, what is their mean arterial pressure ($$MAP) $$using the formula $$MAP = DBP + \frac{1}{3}(PP)$$?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 90 + \frac{1}{3}(40) = 103.3$$ mmHg

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases

Question 17

Which physiological mechanism helps prevent blood pooling in the lower extremities during standing?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle pump increases venous return

Question 18

Which disease is most directly associated with 'hardened arteries' and increased vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely result from activation of the baroreceptor reflex in response to high blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between cardiac output ($$CO$$), stroke volume ($$SV$$), and heart rate ($$HR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Blood Flow and Control: Vessels, Pressure, and Physiology

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