Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of blood?

$$7.35 \leq \text{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Q: Which equation correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit ($$Hct) $$given the volume of red blood cells ($$V_{RBC}) $$and total blood volume ($$V_{total}$$)?

$$Hct = \frac{V_{RBC}}{V_{total}} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary transport functions of blood in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells, transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination, and transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.

Question 2

A centrifuged tube of whole blood yields three layers. Which layer contains the majority of red blood cells, and what is its approximate percentage of total blood volume in a healthy adult male?

Accepted Answer

The bottom layer; approximately 47% $$\pm 5$$% of total blood volume.

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and normal blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A patient presents with chronic fatigue, pallor, and dyspnea. Laboratory tests reveal small, pale red blood cells and low hemoglobin levels. Which type of anemia is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 5

Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis and is released primarily in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 6

During the process of hemostasis, which step involves the transformation of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation (Phase 3)

Question 7

A patient with a deficiency in factor VIII would most likely be diagnosed with which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia A

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the normal pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 \leq 	ext{pH} \leq 7.45$$

Question 9

Which type of leukocyte is most abundant in the blood and is referred to as a 'bacteria slayer' due to its phagocytic activity?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 10

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion. Which of the following is the most immediate risk associated with this event?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and destruction of donor red blood cells

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells are biconcave in shape?

Accepted Answer

To increase surface area relative to volume for efficient gas exchange

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct multi-step pathway for the formation of a blood clot during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys

Question 14

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of polycythemia vera?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity leading to sluggish blood flow and risk of clotting or stroke

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit ($$Hct) $$given the volume of red blood cells ($$V_{RBC}) $$and total blood volume ($$V_{total}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$Hct = \frac{V_{RBC}}{V_{total}} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 17

A patient with a platelet count of 40,000/$$\mul is at $$risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

It is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why type O blood is considered the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Blood: Internal Transport System and Composition

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