$$\text{Prothrombin} + \text{Factor Xa} \rightarrow \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for endocrine regulation

Question 2

A blood sample is centrifuged and separates into three layers. Which layer contains the majority of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Plasma

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most directly involved in blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 4

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver is likely to develop edema because:

Accepted Answer

Decreased production of albumin reduces plasma oncotic pressure

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the structure of a mature erythrocyte?

Accepted Answer

Biconcave disc, anucleate, contains hemoglobin

Question 6

Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood. Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Heme group

Question 7

Which white blood cell type is most abundant in a normal differential count?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 8

A patient presents with a parasitic worm infection. Which leukocyte type would you expect to be elevated?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 9

Which process describes the movement of leukocytes out of the bloodstream and into tissues?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 10

Platelets are essential for hemostasis. Which of the following best describes their origin?

Accepted Answer

Fragments of megakaryocytes

Question 11

A patient with sickle-cell disease has abnormal hemoglobin S ($$HbS). $$What is the consequence of this mutation under low oxygen conditions?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin S forms rigid rods, causing erythrocytes to sickle and break easily

Question 12

Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low blood oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 13

During hemostasis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation

Question 14

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 15

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of donor erythrocytes

Question 16

A woman with Rh-negative blood is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus. What condition may develop if she is not treated?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 17

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions?

Accepted Answer

O-

Question 18

A patient with a platelet count of 50,000/microliter is at risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Excessive bleeding due to impaired clot formation

Question 19

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} + 	ext{Factor Xa} ightarrow 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 20

Which process is responsible for dissolving a blood clot after tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Thrombolysis

Blood: Structure, Function, and Components – Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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