Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone tissue by secreting hydrogen ions and enzymes, leading to bone resorption.

Question 2

A 14-year-old boy experiences a rapid increase in height over a short period, known as a 'growth spurt.' Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the rate of mitosis in his epiphyseal plates during this time?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 3

Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

The patella; it increases mechanical advantage for tendons and improves leverage for muscles.

Question 4

A patient presents with a compound fracture of the femur. Which of the following best describes this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

The bone is broken and the skin and surrounding tissues are also damaged.

Question 5

During bone remodeling, which of the following occurs in response to continuous compression on a bone?

Accepted Answer

Bone deposition by osteoblasts increases.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why bones are able to resist both compression and tensile forces?

Accepted Answer

The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals provides resistance to compression, while collagen fibers provide resistance to tensile and torsional forces.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral component of bone?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2}$$

Question 8

A 65-year-old woman is found to have decreased bone density. Which of the following factors is most likely contributing to her condition?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels leading to increased osteoclast activity

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Bone forms on a model of hyaline cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the epiphyseal plate is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a region of hyaline cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs through chondrocyte division.

Question 11

A patient has a deficiency in vitamin D. Which of the following is the most likely consequence for bone physiology?

Accepted Answer

Decreased absorption of calcium from the gut, leading to impaired bone mineralization.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the periosteum in bone structure?

Accepted Answer

It is a dense irregular collagenous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of bones and contains blood vessels and nerves.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bone callus formation, bone remodeling

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the trabeculae of spongy bone do not contain central (Haversian) canals?

Accepted Answer

Trabeculae obtain their blood supply directly from vessels in the bone marrow.

Question 15

A 10-year-old child has a fracture that heals with a visible line at the site of the former epiphyseal plate. What is this line called, and what does it indicate?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal line; indicates that longitudinal growth at that site has ceased

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone and blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, leading to bone resorption and increased blood calcium.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Storage of triglycerides for energy

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling involves both bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.

Question 19

A patient with a diet deficient in protein is likely to experience which of the following effects on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased synthesis of collagen fibers in the organic matrix, leading to brittle bones.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary (woven) bone and secondary (lamellar) bone?

Accepted Answer

Primary bone is formed first and is later replaced by stronger, more organized secondary bone with more inorganic matrix.

Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, Growth, and Repair

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