Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

$$\text{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \rightarrow \text{PTH release} \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activation} \rightarrow \text{Increased } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the mineral composition of bone responsible for its hardness?

$$\text{Bone hardness} \propto \text{Hydroxyapatite} = Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Question 2

A patient presents with bowed legs and bone pain. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in vitamin D. Which bone disease is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia

Question 3

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts

Question 4

During bone remodeling, which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclast activity

Question 5

Which structure in a long bone is responsible for hematopoiesis in adults?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow in the epiphyses

Question 6

A fracture is repaired through several stages. Which stage involves the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus?

Accepted Answer

Second stage: fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the composition of the organic matrix of bone?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers and ground substance

Question 8

Which law states that bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them?

Accepted Answer

Wolff's Law

Question 9

A 16-year-old male is experiencing rapid growth. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the epiphyseal plate during this period?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into bone cells

Question 11

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between calcium homeostasis and parathyroid hormone (PTH) action?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} ightarrow 	ext{PTH release} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Increased } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 12

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial (longitudinal) growth

Question 14

A patient with hypercalcemia is at risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Kidney stone formation due to calcium deposits

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone forms the dense outer layer; spongy bone consists of trabeculae filled with marrow

Question 16

Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone?

Accepted Answer

Patella

Question 17

Which equation best represents the mineral composition of bone responsible for its hardness?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone hardness} \propto 	ext{Hydroxyapatite} = Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bone-lining cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain the bone matrix on surfaces where bone remodeling is not occurring

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive bone resorption compared to deposition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis and increased fracture risk

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why bones are able to resist both tension and compression?

Accepted Answer

Combination of collagen fibers (tensile strength) and mineral salts (compressive strength)

Bones and Skeletal Tissue: Structure, Function, and Development

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard