Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in L/$$min? Use the formula $$CO = SV \times HR.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = $$5.6 L/$$min

Q: Which phase of the pacemaker cell action potential is responsible for the spontaneous depolarization that initiates the heartbeat?

Na\textsuperscript{+} in / K\textsuperscript{+} out – slow depolarization

Q: Which of the following correctly matches the heart sound with its mechanical event?

S\textsubscript{1} (Lub): AV valves close, start of systole

Question 1

Which structure in the Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System (ICCS) is primarily responsible for initiating the action potential that triggers the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

SA Node

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which phase is characterized by the ventricles contracting but no change in blood volume due to all valves being closed?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric Contraction

Question 3

A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output ($$CO) in L/$$min? Use the formula $$CO = SV 	imes HR.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = $$5.6 L/$$min

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

They allow rapid spread of action potentials between cells.

Question 5

Which blood vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 6

A patient’s blood test shows a hematocrit of 60%. What does this indicate about their blood?

Accepted Answer

They have a higher than normal percentage of red blood cells.

Question 7

Which phase of the pacemaker cell action potential is responsible for the spontaneous depolarization that initiates the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Na	extsuperscript{+} in / K	extsuperscript{+} out – slow depolarization

Question 8

Which of the following correctly matches the heart sound with its mechanical event?

Accepted Answer

S	extsubscript{1} (Lub): AV valves close, start of systole

Question 9

Which formula correctly represents the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

$$Hb + 4O_2 \rightleftharpoons Hb(O_2$)_4$$

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 11

A patient is experiencing a rapid heart rate and increased force of contraction due to sympathetic nervous system activation. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 12

Which layer of a blood vessel is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure and contains smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Tunica Media

Question 13

Which type of capillary is most likely to be found in the liver and bone marrow, allowing large molecules and cells to pass through?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoid

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the heart cannot undergo tetany (sustained contraction)?

Accepted Answer

The prolonged refractory period in contractile cells prevents tetany.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the flow of electrical impulses through the heart’s conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → R/L Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers

Question 16

Which of the following statements about erythrocytes (red blood cells) is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are anucleate and have a biconcave shape for gas diffusion.

Question 17

Which step in hemostasis involves platelets binding to exposed collagen using von Willebrand factor (vWF)?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion during platelet plug formation

Question 18

Which of the following is required for the coagulation (clotting) cascade to occur?

Accepted Answer

Fibrin mesh, Ca	extsuperscript{2+}, and vitamin K

Question 19

Which white blood cell type is most abundant and acts as the first responder in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the AV node in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

It delays the action potential to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction.

Cardiovascular and Blood System Study Guide

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard