Question 1

Which of the following statements about veins is NOT accurate?

(a) Veins have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries.
(b) Veins contain more fibrous tissue than arteries.
(c) Most veins in the extremities have valves.
(d) Veins always carry oxygen-poor blood.

Accepted Answer

Veins always carry oxygen-poor blood.

Question 2

Total peripheral resistance ($$TPR) is $$inversely proportional to which of the following?

(a) Length of the vascular bed
(b) Blood viscosity
(c) Diameter of the arterioles
(d) Increases in polycythemia

$$TPR \propto \dfrac{1}{r^4$}$$, where $$r is $$the radius of the vessel.

Accepted Answer

Diameter of the arterioles

Question 3

Which of the following can lead to decreased venous return to the heart?

(a) An increase in blood volume
(b) An increase in venous pressure
(c) The absence of venous valves
(d) Increased muscular activity

Accepted Answer

The absence of venous valves

Question 4

Arterial blood pressure increases in response to which of the following?

(a) Increasing stroke volume
(b) Decreasing heart rate
(c) Increasing vessel length
(d) Increasing blood viscosity

$$BP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Accepted Answer

Increasing stroke volume

Question 5

Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the terminal arterioles and an increase in capillary blood flow?

(a) Decrease in local tissue oxygen
(b) Increase in local tissue $$CO_2
(c) $$Increase in local tissue pH
(d) Decrease in local tissue nutrient content

Accepted Answer

Increase in local tissue pH

Question 6

A patient is found to have a capillary wall that is abnormally thickened. Which of the following is most likely to be impaired?

(a) Filtration of plasma proteins
(b) Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
(c) Vasoconstriction
(d) Blood pressure regulation

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the rhythmic pumping of the heart because of the flow elasticity of the large arteries?

(a) Small diameter of capillaries
(b) Thin walls of veins
(c) Elasticity of large arteries
(d) High blood viscosity

Accepted Answer

Elasticity of large arteries

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

(a) Inferior phrenic veins
(b) Hepatic veins
(c) Inferior mesenteric vein
(d) Renal veins

Accepted Answer

Inferior mesenteric vein

Question 9

Which antibody class is most abundant in body secretions?

(a) IgA
(b) IgD
(c) IgE
(d) IgG

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT considered an innate body defense?

(a) Complement
(b) Phagocytosis
(c) Antibodies
(d) Lysozyme

Accepted Answer

Antibodies

Question 11

A baby holding its breath will eventually start to breathe again. What is the primary cause?

(a) Low blood oxygen levels
(b) High blood carbon dioxide levels
(c) Low blood pH
(d) High blood pressure

Accepted Answer

High blood carbon dioxide levels

Question 12

Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is NOT paired?

(a) Epiglottis
(b) Arytenoid
(c) Cuneiform
(d) Corniculate

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 13

The detergent-like substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called:

(a) Lecithin
(b) Bile
(c) Surfactant
(d) Reluctant

Accepted Answer

Surfactant

Question 14

During inspiration, which of the following increases?

(a) Size of the thoracic cavity
(b) Pressure in the lungs
(c) Size of the alveoli decreases
(d) Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

Accepted Answer

Size of the thoracic cavity

Question 15

Which of the following is the main factor that determines the direction of gas movement in the lungs?

(a) Partial pressure gradient
(b) Temperature
(c) Molecular weight
(d) Size of the gas molecule

$$\Delta P = P_1$ - P_2$

Accepted Answer

Partial pressure gradient

Question 16

Damage to which of the following would most likely result in cessation of breathing?

(a) Pontine respiratory group
(b) Ventral respiratory group of the medulla
(c) Dorsal respiratory group
(d) Overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles

Accepted Answer

Ventral respiratory group of the medulla

Question 17

Which cell type is most often invaded by HIV?

(a) Eosinophil
(b) Cytotoxic T cell
(c) Natural killer cell
(d) Helper T cell
(e) B cell

Accepted Answer

Helper T cell

Question 18

Which of the following is involved in the activation of a B cell?

(a) Antigen
(b) Helper T cell
(c) Cytokine
(d) Cytotoxic T cell

Accepted Answer

Helper T cell

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of surfactant in the lungs?

(a) Increases surface tension
(b) Decreases surface tension
(c) Increases alveolar collapse
(d) Decreases gas exchange

Accepted Answer

Decreases surface tension

Question 20

A patient is stabbed in the left thorax, puncturing the left lung and causing a pneumothorax. Why did only one lung collapse?

(a) The pleural cavities are completely separate
(b) The mediastinum is perforated
(c) Both lungs share a pleural cavity
(d) The trachea was damaged

Accepted Answer

The pleural cavities are completely separate

Cardiovascular, Immune, and Respiratory Systems: Study Guide (Chapters 19, 20, 21)

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