Q: Which of the following is a correct formula for cardiac output?

$$ ext{Cardiac Output} = ext{Stroke Volume} \times ext{Heart Rate}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

Accepted Answer

Open systems allow circulatory fluid to bathe organs directly in a hemocoel, while closed systems confine blood to vessels and exchange occurs only at capillaries.

Question 2

In insects, which system is primarily responsible for the transport of respiratory gases?

Accepted Answer

Tracheal system

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the elastic systemic arteries in mammals?

Accepted Answer

They serve as pressure reservoirs, maintaining blood flow during ventricular diastole.

Question 4

A patient has a measured blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure (MAP)? Use the formula $$MAP = 	ext{diastolic pressure} + rac{1}{3}(	ext{pulse pressure}).$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 80 + rac{1}{3}(40) = 93$$ mmHg

Question 5

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for variable resistance in the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 6

Bulk flow in capillaries is driven by which two main forces?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why edema may develop in the lower extremities during long periods of standing?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries leads to greater filtration of fluid into the interstitial space.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess interstitial fluid to the circulatory system.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about capillary exchange is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gases such as $$O_2$$ and $$CO_2$$ diffuse freely across capillary walls down their concentration gradients.

Question 10

A patient with damage to their lymphatic vessels develops swelling in their arm. What is the most likely physiological explanation?

Accepted Answer

Reduced lymphatic drainage leads to accumulation of interstitial fluid.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct formula for cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	ext{Stroke Volume} 	imes 	ext{Heart Rate}$$

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely increase mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Increased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance

Question 13

Which of the following is a property of veins that distinguishes them from arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins act as volume reservoirs and contain one-way valves to prevent backflow.

Question 14

During exercise, blood flow to which organ is most likely to decrease?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of precapillary sphincters?

Accepted Answer

They regulate blood flow into capillary beds by constricting or relaxing.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the movement of fluid at the arterial end of a capillary?

Accepted Answer

Net filtration occurs due to higher hydrostatic pressure.

Question 17

Which of the following is a common cause of lymphedema?

Accepted Answer

Damage or blockage of lymphatic vessels, often following cancer treatment or parasitic infection.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about respiratory pigments is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hemocyanin is a respiratory pigment found in some invertebrates such as mollusks and arthropods.

Question 19

A patient receives an intravenous infusion that increases their blood volume. What is the expected effect on their mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

MAP will increase because increased blood volume raises pressure.

Cardiovascular Physiology: Circulatory Systems, Blood Vessels, and Fluid Exchange

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