Question 1

Which layer of a typical blood vessel wall is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and what type of tissue composes it?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media; composed of smooth muscle

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with atherosclerosis, which stiffens the walls of their elastic arteries. What is a likely consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of arterial wall rupture due to higher blood pressure

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

They regulate blood flow into capillary beds and are major determinants of total peripheral resistance

Question 4

Which type of capillary is most permeable and is found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 5

A person stands up quickly after lying down and feels dizzy. Which physiological mechanism is most responsible for restoring their blood pressure to normal?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflexes increasing sympathetic output

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), pressure gradient ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 7

If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, by what factor does the resistance to blood flow change, according to Poiseuille's law?

Accepted Answer

It increases 16-fold

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates vasoconstriction and water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 9

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases dramatically. Which mechanisms are primarily responsible for this redistribution?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic vasodilation in muscle arterioles and extrinsic vasoconstriction in digestive organs

Question 10

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for a patient with a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg. Use the formula $$MAP = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure}).$$

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 90 + \frac{1}{3}(135 - 90) = 90 + 15 = 105 mm Hg$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why veins are called capacitance vessels?

Accepted Answer

They can accommodate large volumes of blood at low pressure

Question 12

A patient with chronic hypertension has adapted baroreceptors. What is the most likely effect on blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors will reset to a higher set point, making them less effective at correcting high blood pressure

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a major source of resistance in the systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate

Question 14

Bulk flow across capillary walls is determined by the balance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures. Which equation correctly represents net filtration pressure (NFP)?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c + OP_{if}) - (HP_{if} + OP_c)$$

Question 15

Which hormone decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) by causing generalized vasodilation and promoting sodium excretion?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 16

A patient is severely dehydrated. Which of the following would you expect to be elevated as a compensatory response?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasomotor center in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

It sends sympathetic impulses to arterioles, causing vasoconstriction and maintaining vasomotor tone

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely increase total peripheral resistance (TPR) and thus raise mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

Acts as a potent vasoconstrictor to increase TPR and MAP

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels – Structure, Function, and Regulation

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