$$MAP = \text{diastolic pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(\text{systolic pressure} - \text{diastolic pressure})$$

$$CO = \text{stroke volume} \times \text{heart rate}$$

Question 1

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is primarily responsible for controlling the diameter of the vessel and thus regulating blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

In the systemic circuit, which type of blood vessel is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of the cross-sectional area of a blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

$$A = \pi r^2$

Question 4

Blood flow is directly proportional to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Pressure gradient

Question 5

Which of the following is a major cause of edema in the lower limbs?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

What is the primary function of venous valves?

Accepted Answer

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 7

Which hormone causes vasodilation and a mild decrease in peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 8

A patient presents with severe hypotension and organ failure after a major blood loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypovolemic shock

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased blood vessel length on peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance increases

Question 10

Which formula is used to estimate mean arterial pressure (MAP) from systolic and diastolic pressures?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 	ext{diastolic pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{systolic pressure} - 	ext{diastolic pressure})$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Produces nitric oxide and clotting factors

Question 12

Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Internal carotid artery

Question 13

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of plaques in which layer of the artery?

Accepted Answer

Tunica intima

Question 14

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the majority of water movement out of capillaries at the arteriole end?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct result of increased sympathetic nervous system activity?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of digestive and urinary organ vessels

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 	ext{stroke volume} 	imes 	ext{heart rate}$$

Question 17

Which of the following capillary types is most permeable, allowing large substances such as blood cells and proteins to pass through?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 18

Which of the following is a common site for drawing blood in the upper limb?

Accepted Answer

Medial cubital vein

Question 19

Which of the following is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why blood velocity decreases as blood moves from the aorta to the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Total cross-sectional area increases

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels – Structure, Function, and Hemodynamics

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