Question 1

Which structure prevents the inversion of atrioventricular (AV) valves during ventricular contraction, and what is the mechanism by which it achieves this?

Accepted Answer

Chordae tendineae, by anchoring valve cusps to papillary muscles that contract and maintain tension.

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which valves are open during ventricular systole, and what is the physiological significance of this?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves; they allow blood to be ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 3

A patient presents with a blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Which region of the heart is most at risk for ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Anterior walls of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum.

Question 4

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the force of contraction, and what type of cells does it contain?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium; contains branched, single-nucleus cardiac muscle cells.

Question 5

If the right marginal branch of the right coronary artery is occluded, which area of the heart would most likely be affected?

Accepted Answer

Lateral wall of the right ventricle.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Accepted Answer

It electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles and stabilizes the position of cardiac valves.

Question 7

A patient has damage to the SA node. Which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

The heart rate would decrease and the AV node would take over as pacemaker.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship between cardiac output ($$CO$$), heart rate ($$HR$$), and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 9

Which vessel type contains valves to prevent backflow and relies on skeletal muscle contraction for blood movement?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased force of contraction due to norepinephrine release.

Question 11

Which anatomical feature separates the right and left ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Question 12

A patient with a congenital defect in the foramen ovale that fails to close after birth will have abnormal blood flow between which chambers?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium and left atrium

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the moderator band in the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It transmits conduction signals to the papillary muscles and prevents overexpansion of the thin-walled right ventricle.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the tunica media of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

It contains smooth muscle that regulates vessel diameter through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Question 15

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium, and why?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle; it must generate high pressure to pump blood through the systemic circuit.

Question 16

Which of the following arteries is classified as an elastic artery and why is this property important?

Accepted Answer

Aorta; its elasticity allows it to stretch and recoil, maintaining continuous blood flow during ventricular diastole.

Question 17

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between blood pressure ($$BP$$), cardiac output ($$CO$$), and total peripheral resistance ($$TPR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the coronary circulation?

Accepted Answer

It supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why veins have thinner walls and lower pressure compared to arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins transport blood back to the heart under low pressure and rely on valves and muscle contraction to prevent backflow.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that an electrical impulse travels through in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → internodal pathways → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard