Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with pain deep to the sternum and decreased pericardial fluid. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pericarditis

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs → left atrium

Question 4

Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 5

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are both the AV and semilunar valves closed, and the ventricles are contracting but not yet ejecting blood?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 6

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 7

The intrinsic conduction system of the heart ensures that depolarization travels in which direction?

Accepted Answer

From atria to ventricles

Question 8

Which structure acts as the heart’s pacemaker, setting the rate of approximately 75 beats per minute?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 9

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) if the heart rate (HR) is 80 beats per minute and the stroke volume (SV) is 65 ml/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 5200 	ext{ ml/min}$$

Question 10

Which of the following factors would most likely increase stroke volume according to Starling’s law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased myocardial stretch (preload)

Question 11

A patient’s blood pressure is measured as 150/95 mmHg. Which condition does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 12

Which vessel type has the thickest tunica media and is most capable of withstanding high pressure?

Accepted Answer

Arteries

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction

Question 14

Which equation correctly relates blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PR$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

Question 16

Which fetal structure allows blood to bypass the lungs by shunting it from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

Ductus arteriosus

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a route for substances to cross the capillary endothelium?

Accepted Answer

Active transport via sodium-potassium pump

Question 18

A patient stands up quickly and experiences dizziness due to a delayed sympathetic nervous system response. What is this condition called?

Accepted Answer

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 19

Which of the following arteries is known as 'the widowmaker' due to its critical role in supplying the heart?

Accepted Answer

Anterior interventricular artery

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely result from atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction

Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard